Writers, Photographers, and Political Cartoonists

2. Writers, Photographers, and Political Cartoonists

3. Revealed the evils of urban and industrial America • Revealed dishonesty and corruption in business and government • Exposed the many social and political injustices in the nation

5. Name given to the writers by Theodore Roosevelt. Writers reminded him of a storybook character who became so involved in shoveling filth with a muckrake that he never looked up

7. Upton Sinclair wrote THE JUNGLE describing the dangerous and unsanitary practices in the meat packing industry. In his book, THE JUNGLE, Sinclair described the filthy and dangerous conditions in the meatpacking industry

8. Chicago Stockyards – 1905

9. Meat Packing

11. From Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle “There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had trampled and spit uncounted billions of germs. There would be meat stored in rooms and thousands of rats would race about it. A man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep handfuls of dried rat dung. These rats were nuisances, and packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then the rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together…

12. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water – and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast.”

13. AS A RESULT OF THE JUNGLE, CONGRESS PASSED 1. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 1906dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat inspection program 2. THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and required truth in labeling

14. Ida Tarbell wrote the book, HISTORY OF STANDARD OIL COMPANY Exposing the ruthless tactics of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company

15. “Mr. Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice and it is doubtful if there has been a time since 1872 when he has run a race with a competitor and started fair.” Tarbell “You can’t compete with Standard Oil. We have all the large refineries now. If you refuse to sell, it will end in your being crushed.” Rockefeller The AMERICANS

16. CARTOON SHOWING THE “OCTOPUS” STANDARD OIL SEIZING THE NATION’S OIL BUSINESSES

18. RESULT: In the Standard Oil v US case, the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

19. Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens exposed the corruption in city governments. Lincoln Steffens

20.  Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities (1904)

21. Resulted in the use of city managers and commission forms of local government

22. Jacob Riis

23. Documented the living conditions of the urban poor, especially the tenements and the hopelessness of the cities

24. JACOB RIIS – “How the Other Half Lives” “There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be practiced, i f report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-lines stretched across the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by simply untying the line at o ne end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving device certainly, and highly successful in attaining the desired end.”

25. 5 Cent Lodging - 1892 immigrants would pay 5-7 cents a day to sleep in these surroundings.

26. Peddler in Cellar - 1897

31. Resulted in NYC passing building codes to promote safety & health

32. Frank Norris

33. This literary novel exposed the monopolistic practices of railroads and the control the railroads had over wheat and other farmers. It called for regulation of railroad corporations.

34. In the Northern Securities v US, the Northwest holding company was broken up

35. Thomas Nast Political Cartoonist, who helped expose the political corruption of the Tweed Ring Result: Boss Tweed convicted of embezzlement.

38. Tweed-le-dee and Tilden-dum Reform Tweed: "If all the people want is to have somebody arrested, I'll have you plunderers convicted. You will be allowed to escape; nobody will be hurt; and then Tilden will go to the White House, and I go to Albany as Governor.“ The cartoon first appeared in Harper's Weekly on July 1, 1876. It led to Tweed's arrest in Spain where authorities believed he was wanted for kidnaping. The cartoon was run again with news of his arrest on October 7. The original captions have been added above.

41. THE JUNGLE • Describe the dangers of the various jobs. • Describe food preparation conditions that were harmful to the public. • Why would owners of the company allow these conditions to continue? • Why would workers allow these conditions to continue? • Specifically what changes should be made? Who should be responsible for making the changes?

42. On the back of the card, answer the following questions: • Who were the muckrakers? • Why was their work so valuable?

43. Explain the impact the muckrakers had on the American people • At the Turn of the Century (1890-1910) • Today