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DR MOHAMAD SABRI MOHD SHAFFI

PURPOSE OF STANDARDSProtection of workersGuidance(i)Employers and Employees(ii)Safety and Health professionals(iii)Medical practitioners(iv) Engineers. Occupational Health Standards. BASIS FOR STANDARDSHealth effectsPracticabilityDEFINITION OF PEL - Maximum airborne concentration of

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DR MOHAMAD SABRI MOHD SHAFFI

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    1. DR MOHAMAD SABRI MOHD SHAFFI

    2. PURPOSE OF STANDARDS Protection of workers Guidance (i) Employers and Employees (ii) Safety and Health professionals (iii) Medical practitioners (iv) Engineers

    3. BASIS FOR STANDARDS Health effects Practicability DEFINITION OF PEL - Maximum airborne concentration of a contaminant to which an employee be exposed SOURCES OF EXPOSURE STANDARDS USA- OSHA(PEL) U.K. (OEL & MEL ) Germany ( MAC ) Sweden Others.

    4. ESSENTIAL FEATURES Refers to airborne concentration. Protects almost all workers. Over working life (8 hour day, 40 hour week). BASIS Industrial experience. Animal experiments. Human studies. Combination.

    5. “Airborne concentration of substance and represent condition under which it,believed that nearly all worker may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect. Because of wide variation in individual susceptibility, however , a small percentage of worker may experience discomfort from such substance at concentration at or below the threshold limit, a smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by aggravation of preexisting condition or by development of an occupational illness”

    6. CAUTION Not a fine line - safe / unsafe. Guide only. Refer documentation for justification DEFINITIONS (a)Time weighted average (TLV - TWA) time weighted average concentration normal 8 hour 40 hour week (b) Short term exposure limit (TLV - STEL) 15 minute TWA Supplements TLV - TWA Not independent

    7. DEFINITIONS CONTINUED c)TLV- Ceiling ( TLV-C) should not be exceeded mostly applied to irritants. d)Carcinogens (ACGIH) AI are confirmed human. A2 suspected human. Note: ACGIH classification not same as IARC

    8. Group 1 : Carcinogenic to humans. Group 2a :Probably carcinogenic to humans with sufficient evidence from animal studies. Group 2b :Possibly carcinogenic to humans but absence of sufficient evidence from animal tests. Group 3 : Not classifiable as carcinogenicity to humans. Group 4 : No evidence of carcinogenicity to humans or animals.

    10. Limited data on which to base TLVs Variations between individual workers Difficulty in measuring a representative exposure Difficulty in acquiring a truly representative breathing zone sample Uncertainties concerning the extent of absorption of the amount inhaled

    11. UNLISTED SUBSTANCES Many don't have TLVs. Not necessarily harmless. Data does not exist or not reliable. WORKLOAD AND CONDITIONS TLVs may not apply if : (i) very heavy work (ii)excessive humidity or heat (iii)high altitude. EXPOSURE DURATION TWA applies to 8 hour shifts. May need to be reduced if longer than 8 hours. Not necessarily reduced if less than 8 hours.

    12. FUNCTION Indicates body burden (dose). Useful if absorption by more than one route. Used in conjunction with air monitoring. Measures contaminant or metabolite in: (i) tissue (ii)body fluids (blood, urine sputum) (iii)exhaled air.

    13. BEls established by ACGIH. Limited number of substances (mostly solvents metals). Measures concentration - blood, urine, exhaled air Assesses overall exposure. Refer to documentation for rationale. DEFINITION - BEls represent the, level of determinant (contaminant, metabolite, enzyme etc )which is most likely to be found in specimens from healthy workers with inhalation exposure to the TLV.

    14. PELs Mandatory [eg lead, asbestos]. TLVs Voluntary, guidance.

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