Lecture

1. Lecture Hardware I/O, Computer Components, and Ports

2. Moore’s Law • Named for Intel Co-Founder Gordon Moore • Moore writes in a 1965 Paper: • “The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every two years” • Moore’s Law has applied to all aspects of technology from computers to cell phones

3. Information Processing Cycle Data is processed by CPU, sent to RAM, via BUS. Cache, GPU’s, Expansion Cards Take in data from keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, camera etc Send processed data to monitor, printer, speakers, network Store for later use on a storage medium: hard disk, floppy, USB, CD, DVD, etc

4. Input Devices Keyboard Mouse Scanner Output Devices Printer Monitor Dual-Function Fax Machine Modems Network Cards Input and Output (I/O)

5. Computer Hardware

6. Processing: (CPU) • Performs the majority of processing • Usually Intel or AMD Chips • Celeron, Athlon, Pentium, Xeon are brand names for these companies fan on top of processor

7. Processing: CPU Clock Speed • Also called “Frequency” • How fast the CPU can process data. • Measured in GHz (gigahertz) • 1.7 ~ 3.7+ GHz • Billions of cycles per second

8. CPU Clock Speed History - Intel

9. CPU TERMS: pg 1 Cache: Internal memory in the CPU, housing frequently accessed data and instructions for superfast turnaround on memory requests. Clock speed: The speed at which a CPU executes its instructions, usually measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second); also known as the chip's "frequency.“ Code name: A company's nomenclature for a new series of chips; may refer to a processor lineup ("Gulftown" or "Deneb"), a microarchitecture (Intel's "Nehalem"), or a platform (AMD's "Dragon") – “Sandy Bridge” (Intel) and “Ivy Bridge” is Intel's current line of chips. “PileDriver” is AMD’s current line of chips Core: The part of the processor that reads and executes program instructions

10. Anatomy of a CPU

11. CPU TERMS: pg 2 Die: The physical surface area on which a semiconductor circuit is fabricated. Smaller die sizes reduce chip manufacturing costs and chip power consumption. GPU: Graphics processing unit-the chip that processes graphics and video. It may be located on the CPU, as part of the motherboard chipset, or on a separate ("discrete") graphics card. Nanometer: One billionth of a meter; the unit used to gauge the distance between the narrow connections tying transistors on a CPU. Socket: The electrical interface on the motherboard, where the CPU sits; usually backward-compatible over chip iterations.

12. Processing: Core – reads and executes program instructions • Thin wafers of siliconhold hundreds of processing cores. • Each core containsmillions of transistors • A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals • Click Here for more

13. Multi-core systems • Multi-Core systems (ie Intel Core Duo) connect two CPUs together to the same die on the motherboard. • A dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHz may perform very nearly as fast as a single core of 3.7GHz • Intel core i7 – 4 or 6 cores

14. CPU TERMS: pg 3 Multithreading: Rotating between multiple threads, or independent sequences of instructions, in order to reach faster and more efficient processing; supports multitasking Hyper-Threading (Intel): similar to above – specifically engaging multiple cores Turbo Boost (Intel): Exceeding maximum Ghz of processing speed when certain conditions are met for added performance Parallel Processing: CPUs working together to execute instructions for one job more quickly; often used with servers and mainframes Multi-Processing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job; often used with personal computers with multi-core processors

15. Processing: CPU Cache • A temporary storage area for frequently/recently accessed data • Fewer requests to RAM and Hard Drive, speeds up the processing • Measured in megabytes (MB) or kilobytes (KB), such as 512 KB • L1 is fastest, L2 next fastest, etc. • Speed and location • “Shared Cache” is cache that is shared among all cores.

16. Processing: CPU Front Side Bus • The connecting path between the processor and other key components such as the memory controller hub. • Bus speeds are measured in GHz or MHz. • Width – wires data travel • QPI – Intel “Quick PathInterface – Replaces FSB

17. 8 3 7 4 2 1 6 5 2 cores 4 MB L-3 6 cores 12 MB L-3 4 cores 6 MB L3 6 cores 6 MB L-3 6 cores MB L-3 2 cores No L-3 4 cores No L-3 4 cores GPU on core Turbo Boost* Turbo Boost* Turbo Core* NO Turbo* Current Family of Intel Chips 2011

18. Chips: Ivy Bridge (Intel)Pile Driver (AMD)Top of the line Note pricing! For chip only!!!

20. Moore’s Law: Its true!

21. Processing: RAMRandom Access • Volatile • Temporary storage for all data and processes (programs) currently running • Measured in type, size, speed, • Size: 1.0 GB + • Speed: 600 MHz +

22. Processing:RAM Types • SDRAM stands for Synchronous RAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). Old standard in PC industry for memory • DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM) takes all the features of ordinary SDRAM and increases the frequency bandwidth to improve system performance and speed. • DDR3 SDRAM – Today’ Standard (double-data-rate type 3 synchronous dynamic random access memory) Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM. • GDDR# (5) newest – graphics memory, higher speeds and larger bandwidth

23. DIMMS and SIMMS • Single in line Memory Modules • Same electrical contact on both sides of the module • 32 bit data path • Double in line Memory Modules • DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side of the module • 64 bit data path • 2 SIMMS = 1 DIMM

24. RAM Speeds RAM speed is measured in megahertz (MHz). RAM is measured by its speed (MHz) and by its size (megabytes or gigabytes). For example you could have DDR3 RAM (name) 600mhz (speed of the RAM)

25. Buying RAM: Today’s Standards

26. Relationship between the CPU & RAM More info on RAM - Wikipedia

27. Processing:Expansion slots and cards • An expansion card is a circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a motherboard to add additional functionality for video, audio, or other uses: • AGP Slot (for video cards) • PCI Slots (misc devices and ports) • PCMCIA (for laptops)

28. Processing:Video Cards or GPUs • Generates and outputs images to a display • Old Standard = 32 Megabytes • New = 128 – 256 MB+ • Needed to run DirectX 9 graphics built into Vista • Dedicated Graphics card most powerful • Integrated graphics solution uses portions of RAM for graphics • Best Graphics Card for you

29. Processing:Ports: Connecting slots & peripherals

30. Ports Video/Monitor - VGA HDMI Firewire Cat-5 (network) DVI USB Serial

31. More Ports

32. Storage Devices – Long term • Hard disk • Magnetic • Solid state • USB media • Optical storage media • CD CDR CDRW DVD • Floppy disks? Old • Zip disks? Older • Tapes? Oldest

33. HDDs and SSDs • HDD’s : Hard Disk Drives that use spinning magnetic platens and read/write heads • SDD’s : Solid State Drives retain data in non-volatile microchips and contain no moving parts. • SSD’s less susceptible to shock; quieter –but more expensive. • Longevity of “write” area problem for SSD’s

34. Hard Drive Photos

35. Hard Drive Photos Hard Disk Head Hard Disk

36. Reading a Hard Disk • Disks are read just like a record player • Data is stored on the disk • The disk spins • A head moves back and forth • Data is read and sent to the motherboard • Data is stored magnetically as charged (on) or not charged (off)

37. Storage – FAT/NTFS

38. Solid State Drives Use non-volatile chips for storage (Flash), rather than magnetic platens and read/write heads – no moving parts

39. Solid State Drive • Solid state hard drives use a series of transistors, pieces of silicone and semiconductors to transfer the electrical current. • Like all data storage, solid state drives use binary, a series of 1s and 0s, to represent data. • A 0 is represented by a transistor that cannot accept an electrical current, while a 1 is represented by one that allows the flow of electricity.

40. Solid State Pricing Example

41. Hybrid Hard Drives

42. RAM vs Hard Drive vs. • Electronic • Very fast • Expensive • Small capacity • Temp storage • Magnetic • Very slow • Cheap • Large capacity • Long term storage

43. Relationship:CPU, RAM, and the Hard Drive

44. Past … Present … Future ?

45. Types of Software • System Software • Operating System • Unix, Windows, Linux, OSx, Solairs • 32bit vs 64 bit • A system with a 64-bit operating system (Windows® 7,8) can handle larger amounts of information than a 32-bit system. Since it can use more RAM—4 GB and up—a 64-bit computer can be more responsive when you're running lots of programs at once • Duties: Multitasking, Memory Management, Buffering and Spooling, Command Line and GUI, Clipboard, Management of all peripheral devices • Utility Programs : File Management, Anti-Virus, Anti-Spyware, Diagnostic Utilities, Backup and Recovery, Network and Internet Utilities

46. Types of Software • Application Software – Used to perform specific tasks • Word Processing • Spreadsheet • Database • Presentation • Internet Browsing • Multimedia • Games

47. OS Requirements • Software is always written for a specific operating system • Programmers sometimes release multiple versions of an application for different OSes

48. Computer Longevity • Always buy as much CPU and RAM as you can afford • Longevity will depend on usage • Everyday business tasks require less processing power • Graphics, multimedia, require large amts of CPU and RAM

49. Check your own system: • Computer • Properties

50. Windows Operating System