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Water Chemistry: Key Concepts. Anionic Evolution of Groundwater/Chebotarev Solubility Availability Water Chemistry to support partitioning of surface vs subsurface runoff Concentration (immature vs mature) Seasonal changes Oxidation Reduction. VMC107. HBF737. BWT637. HPC673. HPC639.
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Water Chemistry: Key Concepts • Anionic Evolution of Groundwater/Chebotarev • Solubility • Availability • Water Chemistry to support partitioning of surface vs subsurface runoff • Concentration (immature vs mature) • Seasonal changes • Oxidation Reduction
VMC107 HBF737 BWT637 HPC673 HPC639 AER104 AER195
LEC655 BMT692 HBF737 HPC673 HPC639 HES644 ASM615 AER135 BWT637 LEC601 ASM195 LEC610 AER104
Some Observations • VMC107 seems to have a subsurface component year round, although chemistry changes, so perhaps a small contributing area • HPC 639 and HPC 673 have strong stable subsurface flow components • AER195 (and to a lesser extent AER104) has a very stable chemistry suggesting a strong stable subsurface flow contribution
VMC107 BWT637 ASM615 HPC639 HPC673 HBF737
VMC107 ASM615 BMT692
BWT692 BWT637 LEC610
Some Observations • ASM615 has high and variable sulfate concentrations; max= 585mg/l in baseflow samples • Virginia sites generally have higher concentrations in baseflow samples
REC689 HBF737 VMC107 LEC601 LEC655 BWT637
Some Observations • REC689 has elevated sodium and chloride in the snowmelt and baseflow samples (water softeners? Road salt? WWTP?) • LEC601 and LEC655 also have elevated sodium and chloride concentrations • VMC107 and ASM615 have subsubsurface components, which appear to be intermittent/changeable (Na >Cl: NaOH or Na2CO3 additive to taconiteprocess waters? Berndt 2009…Is there high SO4 loading in these samples? If so, tailings could also be contributing)
Some Observations • Toivola is influence by an anoxic component during baseflow • LEC655 and ASM615 have higher sulfate concentrations during baseflow
LEC601 LEC655
BMT692 LEC601
VMC107 BWT637 ASM615
VMC107 ASM615 BWT637
ASM615 LEC655 VMC107 LEC601 BMT692
Berndt,2009 states “Mg>Ca suggests sulfate derived by sulfide oxidation in stockpiles and open pits from Biwabik Iron Formation which hosts Mg-rich carbonates” Plot Mg/Ca ratios against SO4