Harmonising greenhouse gas emissions inventories with energy statistics:

1. Harmonising greenhouse gas emissions inventories with energy statistics: The work of the IEA with the IPCC Brussels, 30 September 2008 London Group on Environmental and Economic Accounting TREANTON Karen IEA Energy Statistics Division Head of Energy Balances, Prices and Emissions Section 13th meeting

2. Development of the inventory methodologies • 1991: IPCC/OECD/IEA GHG Inventories programme started • 1995: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • 1996: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines • 2000: Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • 2006: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

3. Share of energy in GHG emissions in 2005 in Annex I countries Source: UNFCCC; LULUCF is excluded and solvent use is included in industrial processes

4. IPCC methodology relies heavily on energy data • Basic computation for CO2 emissions: • CO2 emissions by product: Fuel Quantity * Emission Factor(with corrections for stored and unoxidised carbon) • Sum over all different products Can be done from two independent sets of data: Supply of fuels to the country Reference Approach Consumption by end-use sectors Sectoral Approach

5. Most products / flows are the same 2006 IPCC Guidelines IEA questionnaires a lot of effort went in to ensuring that the products and flows were as similar as possible

6. Products added to IEA questionnaires Anthracite Coal Tar

7. IEA changed the reporting of some flows All remaining emissions from fuel combustion that are not specified elsewhere. Include emissions from fuel delivered to the military in the country and delivered to the military of other countries that are not engaged in multilateral operations. 1A5 Non-Specified • To harmonise with the IPCC: Moved military fuel use out of international marine bunkers and out of domestic aviation. This consumption is now included in Other sector – Not elsewhere specified. • To rationalise definitions: Renamed “inland waterways, coastal shipping” to be “domestic navigation”. International navigation on inland waterways or coastal waters are now included with international marine bunkers

8. Terminology changes coordinated Main Activity Electricity and Heat Production

9. Flow definitions defined jointly Emissions from fuels combusted for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing should cover vessels of all flags that have refueled in the country (include international fishing). Fishing (mobile combustion)

10. Harmonisation is not always easy • Differences remain in the level of detail collected: both in products and in flows • Sometimes definitions diverged at the last minute... • Some definitions are different for a reason • Default net calorific values diverged in later editions

11. 2006 IPCC Guidelines: some differences remain in the IEA oil questionnaire the supply of orimulsion is in “other hydrocarbons” and the consumption is in bitumen Orimulsion in the IEA oil questionnaire shale oil is in “other hydrocarbons” Shale Oil

12. Sometimes definitions diverge at the last minute... Common definition: Emissions from fuels used by vessels of all flags that are engaged in international water-borne navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways and in coastal waters. Includes emissions from journeys that depart in one country and arrive in a different country. International water- borne navigation (International bunkers) Text added by IPCC at the last minute: Emissions from international military water-borne navigation can be included as a separate sub-category of international water-borne navigation provided that the same definitional distinction is applied and data are available to support the definition.

13. Some definitions are different for a reason • The IPCC assigns autoproducers to the sector where the electricity and heat were generated • The IEA includes autoproducers as a separate item in the transformation sector: with an exception for heat, it receives a similar treatment to main activity producers Main Activity Electricity and Heat Production

14. IEA provided default NCVs to the IPCC Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Source: OECD/IEA, 1996a.

15. Values diverged in later editions 2006 IPCC Guidelines lower and upper confidence intervals IEA Energy Balances • New IPCC values based on Annex I Party submissions, the IPCC emission factor database and the IEA database Europe Pacific North America • New IEA values based on country submissions through the annual questionnaire process and consultations with Eurostat and fuel experts

16. What have we learned through harmonisation? • Better understanding of our own definitions and those of other organisations • Not always easy to agree on definitions • Sometimes definitions are different for a reason and these differences need to remain • If the definitions and methodologies are transparent, it is possible to “bridge” the gap using assumptions (which should also be transparent)

17. Working with users also benefit data providers UNFCCC: energy data comparison for S&A report and country reviews IEA emission comparisons