Unit 8: Living With Great Turmoil

6. Unit 8: Living With Great Turmoil Chapter: 20- The New Frontier and the Great Society

7. collage THE 60'S

8. 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION The first televised presidential debates in US History took place between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

9. 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION John Kennedy Won a close and disputed election. Youngest president to be elected. 42 years of age.

10. A New Type of Candidate Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy had served in the House and Senate for 14 years when he ran for President in 1960. Still, some questioned his candidacy because of his young age, 43, and his Roman Catholic religious beliefs. Kennedy proved to be an engaging television personality during the 1960 presidential debates, the first such debates to be televised. A Narrow Kennedy Victory Kennedy won the 1960 election by an extremely close margin. Kennedy was separated from his opponent, Republican Richard Nixon, by fewer than 119,000 popular votes out of nearly 69 million cast. Because of the close election, Kennedy entered office without a mandate, or public endorsement of his proposals. The Election of 1960

11. KENNEDY PRESIDENCY The Camelot Years • The Kennedy Mystique • Kennedy wins presidency in close election • Critics argue his smooth style lacks substance • Kennedy White House known as Camelot for its glamour, culture, wit • First Lady admired for her elegance; constant articles about family • The Best and the Brightest • JFK’s advisers called “the best and the brightest” • Brother Robert Kennedy named attorney general NEXT

12. Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program • Federal funding for education • Medical care for the elderly • Government intervention to halt the recession with tax cuts. • End to racial discrimination. • Established • Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third World countries • President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees. • New Frontier impossible to complete • Due to conservative Congress. • Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party. • New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society"

13. Alliance for Peace statistics in Latin America.

14. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY A New Military Policy Defining a Military Strategy • Flexible response—fight conventional wars, keep nuclear arms balanced • JFK increases defense spending in three areas: - strengthens conventional forces - creates army Special Forces (Green Berets) - triples nuclear capabilities NEXT

15. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY Crises over Cuba • The Cuban Dilemma • Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares himself communist • - seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations • 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S. • The Bay of Pigs • Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro • Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner • JFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is public embarrassment Continued . . . NEXT

16. BAY OF PIGS • CIA operative to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship • U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the Soviet Union. • Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961. • Embarrassment for President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to cover up their involvement.

17. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY Interactive Crises over Cuba • The Cuban Missile Crisis • Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missiles • JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger war on U.S.S.R. • Soviets avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement with U.S. • Kennedy and Khrushchev Take the Heat • Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in U.S.S.R. • JFK criticized for brinkmanship, also for not ousting Castro • Cuban exiles switch to GOP; Castro bans flights to and from Miami NEXT

19. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS OCT. 1962 • Major countries and leaders involved • US President Kennedy • Cuba Fidel Castro • Soviet Union Nikta Khrushchev

20. cuban missile2 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of CIA

21. cuban missile2 • Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of sound.

22. cuban missile2 Photographed from an RF-101 Voodoo, this view of a Soviet SA-2 (surface-to-air) missile pattern provided additional evidence of the Russian arming of Cuba.

23. cuban missile2 Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations in November 1962.

24. cuban missile2 President Kennedy in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions. Third from the left is Major Richard Heyser who took the first photos of Cuban missiles.

25. cuban missile2 • U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.

26. cuban missile2 • Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not invading Cuba. • U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey…..Not part of original deal.

27. I. Kennedy and the Cold War • The Election of 1960 1. Closest since 1888; 119,000 votes out of 68 million 2. Candidates: a. Dems- John F. Kennedy and 2 factors aided his run: 1. Television 2. Civil Rights

28. John F. Kennedy

29. Richard M. Nixon

30. b. Reps.- Richard M. Nixon 3. Kennedy the Candidate: a. only 43 years old b. question of his faith- Roman Catholic 4. The Power of TV and debate a. the image battle b. radio v. TV

31. 5. Kennedy and King a. arrest of MLK, Jr. and response of candidates 6. Kennedy takes command a. talking and acting tough on the cold war b. Flexible response-

32. Flexible Response B. Crisis over Cuba 1. The Dilemma- Revolutionary or Communist a. seized control of oil and land b. relied heavily on Soviet aid

33. Fidel Castro

34. 2. The Bay of Pigs a. 1400 Cuban exiles trained by CIA for invasion of Cuba b. Nothing went as planned- failure of air strikes, late arrivals c. Kennedy agreed to pay $53 million ransom for release of prisoners d. media disaster for the U.S.

35. 3. The Cuban Missile Crisis: a. Oct. 14- evidence Soviets building missile bases on Cuba b. Oct. 22- an attack from Cuba = all-out attack on Soviet Union c. 6 day showdown d. end of crisis- Soviets agreed to remove missiles; U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba

37. The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would invade Cuba.

38. Soviets refused to dismantle missile sites unless U.S. dismantled missile sites in Turkey.

39. e. effects on Kennedy: 1. Practicing brinkmanship 2. Too soft and passed on chance to invade Cuba C. The Continuing Cold War 1. The Berlin Crisis: a. prosperity of West Berlin v. struggles of East Berlin

40. b. threat of closing access roads to West Berlin c. August 13, 1961- began construction of concrete wall separating city- Berlin Wall 1. Reduced flow of refugees

42. BERLIN WALL Taking advantage of a demoralized US after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the U-2 spy plane incident, Khruschev orders Allies out of West Berlin….

43. BERLIN WALL • 1961, Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to force Allies out of West Berlin. Became a symbol of the Cold War. Berlin would by be a divided city.

44. BERLIN WALL A young woman and her boyfriend talking to the woman’s mother, who is on the east side of the Berlin Wall (1962).

45. Kennedy/wall BERLIN WALL President Kennedy speaking to West Berliners urging the Soviets to tear down the Berlin Wall.

46. 2. Kennedy speech at Berlin Wall in 1963

47. 2. Searching for ways to ease tensions a. April, 1963- Hotline b. Limited Test Ban Treaty- no nuclear testing in the atmosphere

48. II. The New Frontier • The Camelot Years 1. Public fascination with 1st family a. speed reading courses b. influence on fashion and culture 2. Kennedy and talented advisors = modern day Camelot a. “the best and the brightest”

49. B. The Promise of Progress 1. “We stand on the edge of a New Frontier” 2. Lack of a ‘popular mandate“ a. playing it safe

50. 3. Stimulating the economy a. advocated use of deficit spending b. biggest beneficiary- Dept. of Defense c. increased minimum wage to $1.25, extended unemployment benefits