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Explore the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, its leading figures like Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, the factors that led to its emergence, and the development of the scientific method. Discover how the Enlightenment further challenged traditional beliefs, championing reason, logic, and observation as the basis of knowledge.
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What Was the Scientific Revolution? • A revolution in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universe • 17th century • Began with Kepler, Galileo • Ended with Newton
“Science” Before the Scientific Revolution • Based almost entirely on reasoning • Experimental method or observation wasn’t used at all • Science in medieval times • Alchemy • Astrology A medieval alchemist
Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution • Rise of universities • Contact with non-Western societies • The Renaissance • Exploration
Rationalism • Reason, not tradition, is the source of all knowledge • René Descartes (1596–1650) • French philosopher and mathematician • Deductive reasoning René Descartes
Francis Bacon andthe Scientific Method • 1561–1626 • English philosopher and empiricist • Inductive reasoning • Argued for experimental methodology • Created modern scientific method
The Scientific Method Science as a multiple-step process: 1. Observe an object or phenomenon 2. Develop a theory that explains the object or phenomenon 3. Test the theory with experiments
Models of the Universe: Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Geocentric: the Earth is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Earth • Heliocentric: the Sun is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Sun—including the Earth
Galileo vs. the Catholic Church • The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of the universe • The Roman Inquisition • Galileo’s trial • Galileo recants, put under house arrest 19th-century depiction of Galileo before the Inquisition tribunal
The Significance of the Scientific Revolution • Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems • Development of the scientific method • The Enlightenment
What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to a whole new world view.
Enlightenment Principles • Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought • Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith • Scientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778) • Philosophized on the nature of society and government • The Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) • Applied rational analysis to the study of government • Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy • Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler
John Locke (1632–1704) • The “State of Nature” • Rights of men
Voltaire (1694–1778) • Most famous philosopher • Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books • Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order • Championed social, political, and religious tolerance
Deism • Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion • immorality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism
