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URBANIZATION AND COUNTER-URBANIZATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN IN ESTONIA

The Fourth International Conference on Population Geographies Hongkong, 10–13 July 2007. URBANIZATION AND COUNTER-URBANIZATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN IN ESTONIA. Tiit Tammaru Department of Geography University of Tartu, Estonia. Research was financed by Estonian Science Foundation

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URBANIZATION AND COUNTER-URBANIZATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN IN ESTONIA

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  1. The Fourth International Conference on Population Geographies Hongkong, 10–13 July 2007 URBANIZATION AND COUNTER-URBANIZATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN IN ESTONIA Tiit Tammaru Department of Geography University of Tartu, Estonia Research was financed by Estonian Science Foundation grant no 6506

  2. Content of the presentation: • Conceptual background • Data and methods • Results: ethnic differences in • urbanization and counter-urbanization

  3. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND

  4. Dominant conceptual approach (Massey, 1985): • Ethnic enclave • Spatial assimilation

  5. Alternatives (Ellis and Goodwin-White, 2006), e.g: • Segmented assimilation • Heterolocalism • Diversified immigrant destinations

  6. Features of minority population in Estonia: • High share in total population • Spatially concentrated • Longer residence compared to Western • European immigrant populations • Relatively homogenous (Russian- • speaking) • Weak linkages between Estonians and • minorities

  7. Ethnic origin could be a special population characteristic shaping migration in transition context (Kulu and Billari, 2004): • New opportunities in transition economies • Economic hardships in transition economies

  8. DATA AND METHODS

  9. Research data: • Census 2000 anonymous individual • records • Place of residence in 1989 and 2000

  10. Research population (n = 125,668) • Urbanizer — a person who lived on a lower • level of the settlement system in 1989, but • on a higher level in 2000 (n = 71,699) • Counter-urbanizer — a person who lived on • a higher level of the settlement system in • 1989, but on a lower level in 2000 (n = 53,969)

  11. Capital city Regional town County seat Suburban area Non-metropolitan areas (small towns and rural areas) Figure 3. Five level Estonian settlement system.

  12. Migration concentration index (Kontuly and Tammaru 2006) MCI — migration concentration index UM — net up-ward moves DM — net down-ward moves

  13. p(Yij = 1)KLM log = + k·k Xij+l ·lZj +m ·mZij +εj p(Yij = 0)k=1l=1m=1 Two-level random intercept logistic regression model:

  14. Hypothesis 1 Ethnic minorities have a lower probability to be an internal migrant compared to Estonians

  15. Hypothesis 2 Estonians urbanize more likely compared to ethnic minorities

  16. RESULTS OF THE STUDY

  17. N 80,398 28,476 30,406 21,516 Table 1. Research variables (%). Table 1. Research variables (%). Table 1. Internal migration by ethnic origin.

  18. MCI Estonians= 100 MCI minorities = 40 Figure 4. NMR by ethnic origin in the settlement system, 1989–2000.

  19. N 80,398 28,476 30,406 21,516 Table 1. Research variables (%). Table 1. Research variables (%). Table 2. The probability to be an urbanizer (0) or counter- urbanizer (1) in the settlement system (parameter estimates). 0,681 *** 0,728 *** 1,544 *** 1,606 ***

  20. CONCLUSIONS

  21. Migration of ethnic minorities is modest • in the settlement system modest compared to • Estonians • The counter-urbanization moves are clearly • evident among ethnic minorities • Ethnic minorities migrate more likely to • municipalities with higher share of minorities

  22. The Fourth International Conference on Population Geographies Hongkong, 10–13 July 2007 THANK YOU! Tiit Tammaru Department of Geography University of Tartu, Estonia Research was financed by Estonian Science Foundation grant no 6506

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