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Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)

This paper discusses the challenges and standards related to harmonic power quality in electrified ships. It explores the impact of harmonics on various systems and presents strategies for overcoming these difficulties. Case studies based on field measurements on Hellenic Navy frigates are also included.

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Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)

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  1. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES) J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES) J. Prousalidis, Lecturer, School of Naval and Marine Engineering, National TechnicalUniversity of Athens (NTUA), Greece I.K. Hatzilau, Prof. Dr.-Ing, Hellenic Naval Academy (HNA) Cdr S. Perros, MSc Electrical Eng., Hellenic Navy(HN) 1

  2. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES) J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros Paper Scope All Electric Ship concept comprises electrification of all systems onboard via the extensive usage of power electronic devices. Therefore, power supply quality problems are expected to be extremely important and special interest must be focused on them. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 2 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 2

  3. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES) J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros Paper Scope The purpose of this paper is : A. To inform on Harmonic Power Quality problem B. To present and compare standards on Harmonic Power Quality and point some applicability problems (especially for ships) C. To present authors’ ideas towards overcoming these difficulties D. To present some indicative case studies of Power Quality standards comparisons based on field measurements on Hellenic Navy MEKO-type frigates. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 3

  4. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros A. HARMONIC POWER QUALITY PROBLEM • A.1 Problems caused by harmonics • Extra heating lossesin electric machinery and cable wiring (leading to either premature aging and de-rating of the equipment due to overheating or to extra cooling requirements). • Decrements in accuracy of measuring equipment, which are not designed for non-sinusoidal electric quantity measurements • Excitation of resonance phenomena resulting to significant overvoltages and/or overcurrents (as the harmonic frequencies flowing in the electric system could much the natural frequencies of series or parallel combinations of stray capacitances and inductances of electric equipment). • False tripping of protective switchgear(e.g. fuse blowing, or incorrect thermal relays actuation). • Failure of equipment sensitive to harmonics. • Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)with sensitive electronic equipment (navigation, communication control and automation) • erection of mechanical oscillations, vibrations, mechanical stresses and noisedue to harmonic torque ripples produced. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 4

  5. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros A. HARMONIC POWER QUALITY PROBLEM A.2 Harmonic Power Quality Definitions Let’s remind first the well-known standard definitions on power quality, as summarized in the following expressions : Voltage harmonics Current harmonics Total voltage Harmonic Distortion (THDv) Total current Harmonic Distortion (THDI) J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 5 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 5

  6. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros A. HARMONIC POWER QUALITY PROBLEM A.2 Harmonic Power Quality Definitions The Total Demand Distortion (TDD) According to THD definition, both the fundamental component and the high order harmonicsshould be measured simultaneously. However, ifthe fundamental equals an average quantity over a specific time interval, then the index is called Total Demand Distortion (TDD) J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 6 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 6

  7. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros A. HARMONIC POWER QUALITY PROBLEM A.2 Harmonic Power Quality Definitions • Points of Harmonic Measurement • Measurements are usually performed • At generator output terminals • At load input terminals • A point of measurements often met in standards is the • Point of Common Coupling (PCC) : • the border point between electric system and each individual load. J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 7 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 7

  8. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • STANDARDS • ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY B.1 Standards on Ship-Electric-Installations Evidently having a good power quality on the electric energy system of an AES should be the ultimate objective, considering its impact on all electrified and electronic subsystems, including automation and control ones. The electric system of an AES can be regarded as a non-interconnected one, comprising a reduced number of generators and an increased number of non-linear loads. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 8 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 8

  9. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.1 Standards on Ship-Electric-Installations Due to similarities to continental grids, it can be argued, that the standards issued for ordinary electric systems can be applied to ships and AES in particular, too. On the other hand, specific standards have been released, covering the electric installations on shipboard,taking into account their particularities. J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 9 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 9

  10. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.2 Standards on Power Quality studied • In this paper, a comparative analysis of the most widely recognized standards for Power Quality is made. • The Standards studied are : • STANAG 1008 (Edition 8 + Edition 9 under ratification):‘Characteristics of Shipboard Electrical Power Systems in Warships of the North Atlantic Treaty Navies’ Ed 8: 21 Febr. 1994 • IEEE-519-1992:‘IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power Systems’, IEEE, New York, 12 April 1993 • Germanischer Lloyds (GL) :‘General Requirements and Instructions’, I-Part 1, Chapter 3, Section 1, 2002 • Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS) :’Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Naval Ships – Electrical Engineering’, Vol. 2, Part 10, Chapter 1, January 2001 • IEC 60092 :‘Electrical installation in Ships - Definitions and General Requirements’, Vol. 101, 1994 J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 10 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 10

  11. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY B.3 Comparison among standards B.3.1 VOLTAGE distortion limits • # TOTAL VOLTAGE Harmonic Distortion(THDV) • According to all standards • Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion(THDV) must not exceed • 5% or 8%of the fundamental. • 5%limitation is set by STANAG 1008, IEEE-519, IEC 60092 • and by GL only for conventional electric systems where the total converter power is not significant. • 8% limitation is set by LRS and by GL for systemswherestatic power converters predominate. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 11

  12. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.1 VOLTAGE distortion limits (continued) # Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion(THDV) Furthermore, according to LRS , should the system is to be of class “ES1”, then standards of STANAG 1008 should be applied instead, while it is underlined that : “if any weapons or other combat systems may degrade the quality of power supplies, relevant details are to be advised to LR and to the prime contractor, in order that the consequences may be established”. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 12

  13. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.1 VOLTAGE distortion limits # INDIVIDUAL VOLTAGE Harmonics(Vn) • * According to STANAG 1008, IEEE-519 and IEC 60092 • noVoltage Harmonic(Vn)should exceed 3% of the fundamental • [ i.e. Vn/V1 < 3% ] • * According to LRS, no harmonic component(Vn) of the order 25 orhigher can exceed1.5%of the fundamental • According to GL, the high order harmonics are limited • as shown in the following slide: presented by I.K. Hatzilau 13

  14. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.1 VOLTAGE distortion limits * High order harmonics(Vn) limits according to GL. Linear scale Logarithmic scale for n≤ 15 : Vn/V1≤5% for n > 15 : … presented by I.K. Hatzilau 14

  15. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.1 VOLTAGE distortion limits The individual Voltage distortion(Vn)limits versus harmonic order, of all standards studied, are summarized in this figure. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 15

  16. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits # TOTAL CURRENT Harmonic Distortion(THDI / TDDI) * Only IEEE-519 sets limits for TDDI , but no limit for THDI The Total CurrentDemand Distortion(TDDI)on Point of Common Coupling(PCC)must not exceed 5 % of the average maximum fundamental load CurrentI1,avfL as this is measured in a specific time interval e.g. 12 months . * byGL, LRS, STANAG 1008andIEC 60092: no numerical limitis set for either THDIor TDDI presented by I.K. Hatzilau 16

  17. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits # INDIVIDUAL CURRENT Harmonics(In) GL, LRSand IEC 60092 setno numerical limit , but they offer some comments on possible effects of current harmonic distortion. IEEE-519 and Ed.8 of STANAG 1008setnumerical limits for In Ed.9 of STANAG 1008 sets no numerical limit for In, butdefines courses of actions to face current distortion problem. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 17

  18. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros log(In/I1,fL) logarithmic-scale Small Loads < (1kVA/60Hz or 0.2kVA/400Hz and 2A/115V/400Hz) log(100) Big Loads > (1kVA/60Hz or 0.2kVA/400Hz and 2A/115V/400Hz) log(3) log(n) log(33) log(100) • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits # In Edition8of STANAG 1008the limits ofIndividual Harmonics(In ) of each separate loaddepend on load rated powerPr for small loads, where Pr < 1kVA ………..…… In/I1≤ 100/n % for n≤ 33 : …… In/I1≤ 3% for n > 15 : …… In/I1≤ 100/n% for big loads, where Pr > 1kVA These limitations refer to full load fundamental currentI1,fL (which in general is not the value at the measuring instant) and are shown beside presented by I.K. Hatzilau 18

  19. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros Pdist,1 Pk Pdist,2 V ZTH Pdist,k P1 • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits #Edition 9of STANAG 1008 (still under ratification) sets NO numerical limitfor In of each separate load , butdefines courses of actions to face current distortion problem to the whole system, via the following assistant quantities : 1) ΣkPdist,k: the sum of the power of all loadswhich distort the currentwaveform connected to the supply system 2) Ssc: the short circuit power of the generation capacity ( Ssc=V2/ZTH) 3) Max (Pdist,k) : the power of the largest single distorting load Pdist,k : distorting loads Pk : non-distorting loads presented by I.K. Hatzilau 19

  20. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros ΣkPdist, k Ssc 2 % Analysis required No action 1 % No action No action Max( Pdist, k) Ssc 0.1% 0.5% • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits These courses of action of Edition 9 of STANAG 1008 are in the following figure. In the yellow area NO measures are required, whereas in the green area : A ) analyses (!!!) to whether STANAG-1008 requirements are stillmet, with respect to voltageharmonics B )an early co-ordination, between the system designauthority and theequipmentmanufacturer, should beundertaken. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 20

  21. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros ΣkPdist, k Ssc 2 % Analysis required No action 1 % No action No action Max( Pdist, k) Ssc 0.1% 0.5% • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits The applicability problemsof these courses of actions suggested by Edition 9, refer : 1) to Simulationson the entire system,computer programs and modelling and 2) to whathappens in case of system upgrading??? presented by I.K. Hatzilau 21

  22. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits # Current Individual Harmonics (In )according to IEEE-519 The loads are connected to PCC, and the measurements refer to the average maximum fundamental load CurrentI1,avfL, as this is measured in a specific time interval, e.g. 12 months. The numerical Harmonics limits are shown below. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 22

  23. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards • B.3.2 CURRENT distortion limits In this figure, the current individual harmonic limits, of Edition 8 of STANAG 1008 and IEEE-519, are summarized. As already explained, the limits of each standard refer to different base values (denominators). Individual current harmonic versus harmonic order presented by I.K. Hatzilau 23

  24. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros Referring to average maximum fundamental load over a specified period Current distortion is recognised as a problem, but no tangible solution is outlined • STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY • B.3 Comparison among standards B.3.3Summarised Remarks In this table the VOLTAGE and CURRENT distortion limits by the various standards studied are summarized presented by I.K. Hatzilau 24

  25. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY B.3 Comparison among standards B.3.3 Summarised Remarks The main conclusions drawn from this comparison are the following: • Concerning VOLTAGE distortion : • all standards confine THDV below 5% or 8%with GL and LRS being the less strict ones, • while in most cases all high order individual harmonics are restricted by an upper limit of 3%. • Furthermore, there seems to be no clear way of estimating voltage distortion, by investigating the current distortion caused by each separate load. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 25

  26. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros B. STANDARDS ON HARMONIC POWER QUALITY B.3 Comparison among standards B.3.3 Summarised Remarks • Finally, it is underlined that no particular limitation is set for theinterharmonics, the non-integer multiples of the fundamental.  • Concerning CURRENT distortion : • Current Harmonic limits are clearly setonly by STANAG 1008/Edition 8 and IEEE-519.Moreover, IEEE-519 restrictsalso the entire high order spectrum expressed by TDDI. • In addition, the limits of high order current harmonics set by the two standards refer,in general, to different values. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 26

  27. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros C. AUTHORs’ PROPOSITION for the application of IEEE-519 CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS on SHIPBOARD • After the author’s proposition, at an initial approximation,IEEE-519 harmonic current limits, can be applied considering that for each separate load: • itscorresponding PCC • is the system power outlet, where it is connected, • its average maximum load can be estimated by the operation service load factorsfs, which are extensively used at the electric balance of the ship power plant. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 27

  28. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros P t T C. AUTHORs’ PROPOSITION for IEEE-519 CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS • Load factorsfs are defined as the ratio of the actual energy required on a daily basis (or any other plausible period) over the energy corresponding to the real rated power [ kW ], Prated, for the same time interval: where Pi [kW] = actual load during the time interval and T=Σi , the time periode considered . therefore : (average maximum power) [kW] = fs * (rated power) [kW] presented by I.K. Hatzilau 28

  29. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros C. AUTHORs’ PROPOSITION for IEEE-519 CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS The values of fs, which are often readily available as a result of accumulated experience are often checked and updated. In case of diversified fs values for several operation profiles, the worst case can be considered.Thus, average maximum power can be estimated. However, average fundamental current, which is needed, can still not be estimated, in those cases where the current harmonic spectrum varies with the operating power. All the points discussed so far will be shown figuratively through representative study cases as follows. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 29

  30. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D.CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKO frigates During a research project investigating electric power quality in Hellenic Navy ships, several measurements on voltage and current harmonics have been conducted onboard HN MEKO frigates , while the validity of load factorsfs often used has been verified. The electric plant in these ships is served by four generators (775KVA, 450V/60Hz, 3-phase), laid in two separate engine-rooms. The generators feed two main switchboards supplying thirteen Load Centers (LCi, i = 1,...,13) which in turn feed all separate loads. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 30

  31. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Figure 3 MEKO Frigate Electric PowerSystem presented by I.K. Hatzilau 31

  32. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates INDICATIVE WAVEFORMS and SPECTRA (Voltage and Current) presented by I.K. Hatzilau 32

  33. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Voltage Spectra at several load input terminals presented by I.K. Hatzilau 33

  34. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Current Spectra at several load input terminals presented by I.K. Hatzilau 34

  35. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Some measurements (only 6 out of a great number of measurements) are presented in the tables and figures, that will be shown in the following. The measured quantitiesare compared with the standards studied, especiallywith STANAG 1008/Edition 8 and IEEE-519 making the assumptions mentioned above. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 35

  36. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates IEEE-519, STANAG 1008, IEC60092 GL Voltage distortion measurements LRS ·         the 3rd column comprises the maximum individual harmonic measured, with respect to the fundamental actual voltage (which practically coincides with the rated value) , while, ·         the 4th comprises the measured THDV. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 36

  37. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Voltage distortion measurements Measurements performed on a series of various types of loads have shown no violation of any voltage harmonic constraints set by any of the standards studied presented by I.K. Hatzilau 37

  38. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Current individual Harmonic measurements The yellowshaded cells point those measurements possiblyviolating the standard limits of IEEE and STANAG/Ed.8 •  IEEE-519’s limits refer to average maximum fundamental load current, I1,avfL , • as derived from fs factors, • · STANAG 1008/ Edition 8’s limits refer to fundamental current of the rated full load presented by I.K. Hatzilau 38

  39. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Total Current distortion measurements The yellowshaded cells point those measurements possiblyviolating the standard limits of IEEE. ·Again, IEEE-519’s limits refer to fundamental current of the average operating load, I1,avfL , as derived from fs factors . presented by I.K. Hatzilau 39

  40. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Remarks ·Thus it can be argued thatin certain cases, the current distortion is significant (with respect to any reference base value considered). Although this rich harmonic contentdoes not result in voltage quality problems, however, it could lead to other problems,such as overheating, resonances, false tripping and should therefore be seriously taken into consideration. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 40

  41. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros E. CONCLUSIONS • This paper offers a comparative analysis on power quality standards either dedicated for ships or general purpose ones, underlining the importance of these standards, as well as giving some hints and propositions for possible further improvement of them especially referring to AES perspective. Harmonic power (i.e. both voltage and current) quality is a major issue to electrified ships where power electronics dominate, therefore it has to be taken seriously into account. Furthermore, it is shown that: • ·voltage distortion limits are common in many standards, while they are notin general violated. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 41

  42. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros E. CONCLUSIONS ·current distortion is not limited by many standards, while where restricted, i.e. in STANAG 1008/Edition 8 and IEEE-519 the defined current distortion limitations can not be easily applied. However, the possibly violated limits of current harmonics should be a warning to be acknowledged especially in future buildings as current distortion could not only affect voltage distortion, but also provoke other adverse phenomena. ·The novel proposition of this work to exploit the well-known load factors fs and to consider Point of Common Coupling(PCC) at the load power outlet, could facilitate the evaluation of current distortion on shipboard installations according to IEEE-519. This can be done, provided there is a clear way of estimating the average maximum fundamental load current from the corresponding power value, the average power factor and the corresponding harmonic spectrum could be estimated, too. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 42

  43. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros F. REFERENCES presented by I.K. Hatzilau 43

  44. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros F. REFERENCES J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros 44 presented by I.K. Hatzilau 44

  45. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros log(In/I1,fL) Loads < (1kVA/60Hz or 0.2kVA/400Hz and 2A/115V/400Hz) log(100) Loads > (1kVA/60Hz or 0.2kVA/400Hz and 2A/115V/400Hz) log(3) log(n) • B.1 STANAG 100860Hz and 400Hz ,Edition 8 • THDv Total voltage Harmonic Distortion (THDV) must not exceed 5%, THDv< 5% , • while no harmonic should exceed 3% of the fundamentalVn/V1 < 3% • THDI The current distortion limitations refer to: • a) Each separate load installed, and • b) to the rated fundamentalCurrentI1,fL, of this load • These limitations are figuratively shown in this figure, in logarithmic-scale logarithmic-scale log(33) log(100) presented by I.K. Hatzilau 45

  46. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros • B.3 IEEE-519below 69 kV • THDI: • Current distortion limits in Tabulated form Table III presented by I.K. Hatzilau 46

  47. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Current distortion measurements • Neither of the standard reference values are readily available or can be estimated without knowing the power factor and the harmonic spectrum at the average and rated full load respectively. • However, in order to enable some commenting on the measurements performed, the assumption that the harmonic spectrum is equal to the measured one is made. • Similarly the power factor is considered equal to 0.75. • On the grounds of these assumptions, the average operating load currents (via fs),I1,avfL, and rated full load currents, I1,fL, are estimated. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 47

  48. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Remarks From the measurements performed, the following remarks are made: Voltage distortion ·         In any case, the measured voltage distortion caused by the loads - referring to either the THDV or the individual harmonics where the 5th component dominates - is lower than the imposed marginal values of all standards. It is also underlined, that there is no rated voltage reference problem as the operating voltage normally coincides its rated value. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 48

  49. Harmonic electric power quality concepts for the electrified ships (AES)J.M. Prousalidis, I.K. Hatzilau, S.Perros D. CASE STUDY: Measurements on HN MEKOfrigates Remarks From the measurements performed, the following remarks are made: Current distortion ·         The highest harmonics of current are in the order 2, 3 and 5 with their values being fairly large with respect to the simultaneous fundamental current. In certain cases (shaded cells in Table VIII), restrictions appear to be violated, referring to either the individual harmonic or the total current distortion. However it can not be safely argued that the measured values exceed the limits of both IEEE-519 and STANAG 1008/Edition 8 as their reference values can not but roughly estimated. presented by I.K. Hatzilau 49

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