1a) Skeleton The Four Functions

1. The Cranium (Skull) protects the brain The hinge joint allows flexion and extension The Skeleton protects vital organs The type of bone and joint determine the movement The ribs and sternum protects the heart and lungs Joints allow movement Movement Protection 1a) Skeleton The Four Functions Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells The skeleton gives the body its shape Blood Production Support Red blood cells carry oxygen in haemoglobin to working muscles Muscles are mainly attached to the bones on the outside of the body. While the vital organs are attached to the inside White blood cells prevent infection / fight disease

2. Cranium Cervical (vertebrae) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibia Tarsals Phalanges Metatarsals

3. Skull (Cranium) There is no movement in these joints Examples Pelvis No Joint Cavity Fixed or Immoveable Joints 1a) Skeleton - Joints Slightly Moveable Joints No joint cavity Sternum Examples Ribs Some movement

4. These are joints which allow movement, they contain a joint cavity Strong connective tissue which holds bones together at joints Ligaments 1a) Skeleton – Freely Moveable Joints (Synovial Joints) Cartilage Produce synovial fluid Is found in all joints Found between vertibrae Reduce friction There are two main types Articular Fibro Act as a shock absorber Found at ends of long bones

5. Rotation Ball and Socket Pivot Hinge Flexion and extension Allows a full range of movement – flexion and extension / circumduction / abduction and adduction 1a) Skeleton – Feely Moveable Joints (Synovial Joints) Saddle Gliding Condyloid Rotation / flexion and extension

6. Rotation Flexion and extension Types of movement Types of movement Sporting example Hinge (Knee and Elbow) Sporting example Pivot (Neck) Netball shot Heading the ball in football Darts 1a) Skeleton – Joints and Sport Specific Movements Kicking (football / rugby) Badminton Condyloid (Wrist and Ankle) Ball and Socket (Hip and Shoulder) Sporting Example Sporting example Gymnastics Tennis Serve Cricket Bowling Types of movement Types of movement Abduction and adduction / flexion and extension / circumduction Rotation / flexion and extension

7. Deltoid Pectorals Triceps Trapezius Biceps Latissimus Dorsi Abdominals Quadriceps Hamstrings Gluteus Maximus Gastrocnemius

8. Also known as Anaerobic activities Sprinting Weight lifting Sporting examples Contract quickly to produce fast and powerful movements, they tire easily Fast Twitch 1b) Muscles – Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres Slow Twitch Contract slowly with little force but do not tire easily Sporting examples Tour De France Long Distance Running Also known as Aerobic activities

9. Increased muscular endurance Improved Muscular recovery Reduces the chance of injury and increases participation Increased muscular strength How does improved muscle functioning improve performance and participation 1b) Muscles – Effects of Exercise on Muscles Increased exercise = increased strength Reduced exercise leads to muscle Atrophy (become smaller) Composition and efficiency of muscles Increased exercise = increased muscular endurance This is referred to as Reversibility within S.P.O.R.T and can be caused by injury Muscles become bigger Increased exercise = increased flexibility Muscle growth in known as Hypertrophy

10. 2) Bicep muscle (also known as the prime moverand agonist) contracts (shortens) 1) Tendons attach muscle to bone 3) Tricep muscle (Antagonist) relaxes (lengthens) 1b) Muscles – Role and Function of Tendons During Movement 4) The bicep pulls on the tendon which in turn pulls on the bone 6) The muscle actions are reversed to lower the forearm 5) Movement occurs at the elbow (Hinge joint) pulling the forearm up towards the body

11. 1) Flexion of the Arm (Forearm Moves Towards the Body) 2) Extension of the Arm (Forearm Moves Away from the Body) Where the tendon joins to the bone. Attach muscle to bone. Stable and does not move. Scapular Origins Scapular Tendons Bicep Movement Origins Tendons Bicep Movement Tricep Tricep Radius Humerus Radius Humerus Tendons Ulna Ulna Insertions Allows muscle to pull on the bone to create movement. Where the tendon joins to the bone which the muscle can move. The Bicep (Agonist) contracts (shortens). The Bicep (Antagonist) relaxes (lengthens). The Tricep (Antagonist) relaxes (lengthens). The Tricep (Agonist contracts (shortens).

12. There are three types of muscle contraction The speed of movement remains the same throughout the action The muscle shortens as it contracts e.g. lifting the bar in a bicep curl Concentric This muscle contraction can be subdivided into two types When doing the butterfly stroke in swimming, the arms and legs are moving at relatively constant speeds Isokinetic Isotonic Eccentric 1b) Muscles – Muscular Contractions The muscle lengthens, but under tension e.g. lowering the bar in a bicep curl Isometric The muscle remains the same length throughout the action. Certain parts of the body need to be kept still while other parts are working In a bicep curl, the back and shoulder muscles are working isometrically to stablalise the body Pushing in a rugby scrum, when there is no movement, is also an example of isometric action

13. Due to all out effort / body cannot cope with intensity of exercise / high intensity Due to working for a long time Not enough oxygen / no oxygen / anaerobic Why the Body Produces Lactic Acid 1b) Muscles – Lactic Acid Sore /painful muscles / stiffness / seize up / stitch Causes oxygen debt / prolonged recovery How Lactic Acid Affects Performance Reduced performance / skills Increase breathing rate / heart rate Tired muscles / fatigue Lose interest / concentration / motivation Stop / collapse

14. Ensures a constant supply of blood where needed throughout the body Blood passes through tubes called blood vessels Blood carries white blood cells to sites to fight infection Consists of the Heart and Blood Vessels Blood contains essential nutrients Blood transports waste products from muscles and other locations in the body e.g. carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs Oxygen if carried around the system to where it is required to release energy in the muscles 1c) Cardiovascular System Nutrients Functions of the Circulatory system Transport (blood carries) Protection (White Blood Cells) Oxygen Carry antibodies to fight infection Waste products Temperature Control Carry platelets to clot blood at wounds and cuts Blood absorbs and transfers heat from warmer to cooler parts of the body

15. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated. It is returned to the heart to be pumped around the body in the systemic system. Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart around the body through the arteries. Deoxygenated blood is returned through the veins to the heart. Systemic Circuit Pulmonary Circuit 3) Vena Cava: Takes Deoxygenated blood from body to the RA. 1) Pulmonary Vein: Takes Oxygenated blood from lungs to the LA. 1c) Cardiovascular System – The Heart as a Double Pump 4) Pulmonary Artery: Takes Deoxygenated blood from RV to the lungs. 2) Aorta: Takes Oxygenated blood from LV to the body. Lungs Pulmonary System (Oxygenated Blood) Pulmonary System (Oxygenated Blood) LA RA Systemic System (Deoxygenated Blood) RV LV Systemic System (Deoxygenated Blood) RA – Right Atrium RV – Right Ventricle LA - Left Atrium LV – Left Ventricle Body

16. Tiny tubes, one cell thick Food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products are exchanged through their thin walls Transport blood from arteries to veins Capillaries One exception – Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood between heart and lungs Carry blood back to the heart under low pressure 1c) Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure Valves in the veins prevent blood flowing backwards, away from the heart

17. A sprinter can recover from all out effort in a matter of minutes Time it takes for lactic acid in the muscles to fall to acceptable levels for muscles to start working efficiently again Marathon – requires longer periods of recovery before heart rate and respiratory rate return to normal levels Recovery Rate 1c) Cardiovascular System – Participation and Performance In longer events fatigue develops much more gradually as the body is able to process some of its lost energy and minimise lactic acid build up during exercise Sprinters consume energy very quickly without taking in oxygen (Anaerobic) which means that the onset of fatigue occurs very quickly, within seconds Duration Lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debt is influenced by the duration and nature of an activity

18. When the rate at which muscles work is greater than the bodies ability to supply oxygen the result is a shortage in oxygen which leads to fatigue The supply of oxygen to our muscles is limited by our capacity to take in oxygen during a performance and how efficiently we get that oxygen to the working muscles In order for the muscles to work again efficiently this oxygen debt must be repaid Oxygen Debt 1c) Cardiovascular System – Participation and Performance Waste product this produces is called lactic acid Builds up quickly in activities requiring all out effort (Anaerobic) e.g. 400 meters Lactic Acid Anaerobic exercise uses glycogen rather than oxygen Builds up slowly in Aerobic activities e.g. long distance running As muscles work without oxygen lactic acid builds up this causes muscular fatigue, leading to cramp Cramp will only subside when the muscle is rested and blood brings fresh oxygen to break down the lactic acid

19. Increased Stroke Volume – amount of blood leaving the ventricle on each beat Increased sweating to cool body Blood diverted to Capillaries just below the skin – causes face to redden Increased heart Rate to meet demand for oxygen Short Term Effects of Exercise Heat from body is radiated from the skin Increased Cardiac Output 1c) Cardiovascular System – Effects of Exercise Long Term Effects of Exercise Muscle Hypertrophy (Heart becomes bigger and stronger) Increased stroke volume Lower resting heart rate Increased Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

20. RETIRED SPANISH CYCLIST, MIGUEL INDURAIN HAS A RESTING HEART RATE OF 27 BPM.

21. Platelets to damaged capillary areas Carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs Platelets Plasma White blood cells to sites of infection Functions (blood carries) Blood is composed of four elements Oxygen from lungs to body cells White Cells Red Cells Heat from warmer to cooler parts of the body Blood 1c) Cardiovascular System - Blood 92% of plasma is water the remainder is protein, glucose, amino acids and waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea Produced in the bone marrow Platelets Plasma Protein and amino acids are transported to cells in the body and are used for growth and repair. Glucose is used for energy Stick together in clumps where the skin is broken, or on small damaged blood vessels

22. Haemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhaemoglobin From the lungs to the working muscles Carry Oxygen – attaches to Haemoglobin Made in bone marrow e.g. Ribs and Femur Red Blood Cells 1c) Cardiovascular System - Blood Larger than red blood cells White Blood Cells Contain antibodies which fight against germs and infection Made in bone marrow and lymph glands Main function is to defend the body against disease Contain Phagocytes: pass through capillary walls and surround germs – they then produce enzymes which destroy the germs

23. The Lungs The Diaphragm Air Passages The Respiratory System is made up of 1c) Respiratory System - Structure Air Passages Diaphragm A series of Air Passages allow air and the Oxygen it contains to be transferred to the bloodstream A sheet of muscle which encloses the bottom of the thorax Removes Waste Products such as Carbon Dioxide from the body Contraction and Relaxation of the Diaphragm, combined with the Intercostal Muscles enables Breathing

24. Air is taken into the body thorough the mouth and nasal cavity At the top of the throat is the Epiglottis which prevents food or other particles entering the lungs The Trachea branches into two to enter the lungs as Bronchi The Bronchusin each lung divides into Bronchioles 1c) Respiratory System - Structure Bronchioles sub – divide into two small air sacs Alveoli The Alveoli are covered with very small vessels, Capillaries, which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass to and from the bloodstream Alveoli is where the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood occurs

25. There are two phases in breathing, Inspiration and Expiration Inspiration(breathing in) Expiration (breathing out) The lungs are enclosed in a sealed, flexible cavity called the thorax The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Lungs contract to their original size, forcing air out The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract expanding the chest Although there is no need to think about breathing (it is involuntarily controlled) it can also be consciously controlled Allows the lungs to expand, filling the space created 1c) Respiratory System – Breathing Mechanism Breathing out Breathing in Intercostal muscles relax, lowering the rib cage and making the chest smaller Air is sucked down the windpipe and into the lungs The lungs expand The lungs are compressed, pushing air out of the lungs up to the windpipe Intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage up and out As the chest expands, the diaphragm contracts. This pulls down and makes the chest larger As the chest is made smaller, the diaphragm relaxes, making the chest even smaller

26. During exercise the body needs a supply of oxygen to release energy in the muscles. Respiration must be increased to provide that oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the muscles The circulatory system transports the oxygen to the working muscles and carbon dioxide to the lungs The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide 1c) Respiratory System – Respiration and Circulation Links Increased tidal volume “amount of air taken in and out” As physical activity increases, both the breathing rate and heart rate increases to take in and transport oxygen to the working muscles This results in: Increased stroke volume “amount of blood leaving the heart on each beat” Increase cardiac output “stroke volume x heart rate

27. Muscles feel sore Fatigue E.g. repaying oxygen debt, removing lactic acid Effects on performance Builds up slowly Possible injury Reduced performance Improved efficiency leads to a quicker / more efficient rate of recovery Aerobic exercise Anaerobic exercise Recovery Rate Lactic Acid Builds up quickly 1c) Respiratory System – Participation and Performance Increased efficiency of the systems Oxygen Debt Duration The more efficient your respiratory and circulatory systems are the longer you can exercise for Takes longer to build up oxygen debt Can repay oxygen debt quicker / more efficiently Increased efficiency of these systems leads to quicker recovery – repay oxygen debt quicker and remove lactic acid more efficiently

28. Alveole in the bronchioles are supplied with red blood cells Increased participation in physical activity will lead to an overall improvement of the efficiency of the respiratory system Allows haemoglobin in red blood cells to absorb oxygen as well as carbon dioxide, being released by the blood into the alveole through the bronchioles and out of the body through the lungs and mouth Gaseous Exchange 1c) Respiratory System – Effects of Exercise Upon Performance

29. 1c) Respiratory System – Aerobic and Anaerobic

30. Examples You need to master the basic skills before attempting the complex ones They tend to be transferable between different activities Basic 1d) Skill – Basic and Complex Require a higher level of co-ordination and control Require more practice to master and have more scope for improvement Complex E.g. you would spend more time improving your forehand than practicing a basic skill like running Specific to sport / activity – usually non-transferable Examples

31. Skills can be classified in different ways – they can be divided into open and closed skills Other players not an influence Crowd Opponents Weather Teammates Weathernot aninfluence Moving ball not an influence Affected by the environment and / or external factors Are not affected by the environment / external factors 1d) Skill – Open and Closed OPEN SKILLS CLOSED SKILLS EXAMPLE EXAMPLE In some sports skills can be both open and closed Hockey Dribble Gymnastics Vault Tennis The floor and vault are regulation standard There is no change in the environment and no other people influencing the execution of the skill Player has to perform the skill whilst watching their opponent, how fast they are approaching, where they are on the pitch – can they shoot or pass to a team mate? The serve is a closed skill Once the ball is in play shots become open skills

32. Balance Flexibility The abilities you possess allow you to perform skills at a more advanced level Agility Co-ordination Examples Speed Reaction time Abilities are Genetic. You are born with basic abilities which can be developed. These differ from skills as skills are practised in order to be improved Ability 1d) Skill – How Do Skills Differ From Ability Skill A skill is something that has been learnt, the skill is practised over and over until it is stored in long term memory for future use Examples

33. Good co-ordination results in consistent contact with the ball and control / accuracy of the shot Trampolining – Pike / Straddle FLEXIBILITY CO-ORDINATION Tennis - forehand 1d) Skill – Without Basic Abilities the Development of Advanced Skills is Difficult REACTION TIME SPEED Hockey – outrunning an opponent Cricket – Batting stroke AGILITY BALANCE Badminton Gymnastics - beam Without the basic ability of balance it would almost be impossible to perform advanced skills such as a cart wheel or back somersault without falling off the beam Good agility allows you to change direction quickly, cover the court and play a variety of shots

34. There are two different types of feedback 1. EXTERNAL 2. INTERNAL KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS KNOWLEDGE OF PERFORMANCE (HOW A MOVEMENT FEELS) 1d) Skill – Different Types of Feedback VERBAL FEEDBACK TO DEVELOP PERFORMANCE VISUAL When does feedback occur? 1. CONCURRENT 2. TERMINAL 3. DELAYED During performance of the skill Up to 48 hours after performance is finished Immediately after performance has finished Feedback is internal and external Feedback is external Feedback is external

35. Were you successful? INTERNAL: How the skill feels when it is performed Knowledge of results 1. CONCURRENT (During performance of the skill) 2. TERMINAL (Immediately after performance) EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Verbal feedback from coach Visual Verbal 1d) Skill - Feedback Identify areas for development – give specific feedback on how to improve Highlight positives about performance Knowledge of Results Feedback from coach 3. DELAYED (Up to 49 hours after performance) VISUAL VERBAL Analyse performance using video analysis Discussion with coach

36. Perform the whole skill (e.g. tennis serve) – practice part of the skill (e.g. ball toss) – practice the whole skill again (e.g. tennis serve) Observe a role model performing a skill and repeat it Skill is performed over and over again for a long period of time Whole-Part-Whole Role Models Massed Practice 1d) Skill – How do we Learn Skills? Trial and Error Distributed Practice Copying Skill is performed over a short period of time Trying to perform a skill then making adjustments to performance based upon external and internal feedback Observe the skill being performed by a teacher, coach or elite athlete and copy their technique It is followed by a period of rest Skill is performed again for a short period of time

37. The difference between the novice and the top level performer is obvious when looking at their skills Adaptability: Struggle to adapt skills to suit different situations Adaptability: Able to adapt skills to suit different situations Time: Reduced time available to train due to factors such as work commitments Time: Increased time available to train, often their sport is their job, they get paid NOVICE PERFORMERS TOP LEVEL PERFORMERS 1d) Skill – Novice and Top Level Performers Energy: Reduced fitness levels due to reduced training Energy: Increased fitness levels allows performance to continue at a high level for duration of activity Consistency: More accurate, perform skills to a high standard even if placed under pressure Consistency: Mistakes are frequent

38. Enables sense to be made of all the information available, so that only useful information is acted upon Selective Attention Venus gets into position ready to hit the ball Venus watches the oncoming ball INPUT (sensory) DECISION MAKING (shot) 1d) Skill – Information Processing Model (Tennis Shot) Venus gains immediate feedback by watching her shot Venus returns the ball to her opponent FEEDBACK (results) MOTOR OUTPUT (action)

39. “Motivation is the driving force that compels people to do something, such as climb a mountain or revise for GCSE exams” “You do something in order to earn money, win a prize or to please another person” “You do something because you get satisfaction from it” Motivation that comes from within Motivation that comes from outside 1. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 2. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION 1e) Motivation and Mental Preparation – Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation Money Examples Examples Social interaction with friends Trophies Playing for your country Medals Personal satisfaction Fame The enjoyment of taking part in an activity Houses / Cars

40. “Arousal is about being excited, keen and mentally ready (or unready) to perform a difficult task” INVERTED U THEORY B At ‘A’ – Competitor is under-aroused and as a result performed is reduced / low (e.g. Dyer) A C 1e) Motivation and Mental Preparation - Arousal At ‘B’ – Competitor is at the optimum level of arousal and so performs at a high standard There are different levels of arousal in sport, but too little means improvements might be low, too much might lead to loss of control At ‘C’ – Competitor is over- aroused and as a result performance is reduced / low (e.g. Zidane) Note: the optimum point of arousal can differ between athletes and sports For example: the Inverted U for a golfer would be further left than the Inverted U for a weight lifter

41. These are techniques to ensure that the athlete reaches their optimum level of arousal (Point B on the Inverted U graph). This will lead to consistent participation and optimum performance 1. FOCUSING 2. RELAXATION 1e) Motivation and Mental Preparation You focus your attention on what you need to do to perform well during competition Techniques include slow deep breathing and relaxing different muscle groups in turn 3. MENTAL REHEARSAL (VISUALISATION) This is where you go through the event in your mind in advance, in detail. You picture yourself performing well and staying calm and confident

42. Gives you confidence when you reach your goal / target “Goal setting means setting targets that you want to reach” Divided into two types Motivates you to work hard to achieve your goals 1. SHORT-TERM 2. LONG-TERM MOTIVATION Goals that you can reach quickly (short time frame) are steps on the way to…….. Goals like winning an Olympic medal (long time frame) How does it help to control anxiety and motivate participants? 1e) Motivation and Mental Preparation – Goal Setting Helps you to feel in control and so you are less anxious about performance ANXIETY SMARTER SPECIFIC – exactly what you want to achieve MEASURABLE – see if you’ve achieved it or not AGREED – agree targets with your coach REALISTIC – goals you an realistically reach TIME-PHASED – so long term goals are reached in time EXCITING – boring goals won’t motivate you RECORDED – so you can monitor your progress Helps you get ready to perform, since you know what you want to achieve

43. Leisure Time is when you are not at school or work, you can do what you want when you want in your free time People start and finish work at different times More people work from home rather than in an office, due to computer links At home there are labour-saving devices, reducing the amount of time spent on domestic chores Flexi working hours and working from home allow people to take part in leisure activities during the day Machines have replaced muscle power, with production lines controlled by fewer people Shorter Working Week Technology The working week is shorter than it used to be, and it is also more flexible This all leads to people having more time to spend on Leisure Activities 1f) Social Reasons for Participation – Reasons for Increased Leisure Time Early Retirement Unemployment Increasing numbers of people retire early, many by the age of 50. Many people are unemployed, or work part time. This means they have more time to take part in leisure activities, although the cost of taking part may prevent them At this age people still enjoy an active lifestyle and often take up new sports and leisure activities such as golf Some local authorities subsidise the costs for unemployed people to encourage then to take part in leisure activities

44. To look good Improve stamina, strength, flexibility To lose weight Medical Necessity Image Fitness Physical / Mental Well - Being Illness Healthy body allows you to more active Reduce Stress Levels Health Increase Life Expectancy 1f) Social Reasons for Participation – Why People Participate in Physical Activities Prevents boredom Leisure Meet new people Socialise Enjoyment Helps reduce stress Learn to relate to people / develop social skills Hobby Friendship Gets you out of the house Make new friends

45. Coaches Life Guard Employment Professional Athlete Vocation Gym Instructor 1f) Social Reasons for Participation – Why People Participate in Physical Activities Will have another form of employment Vocation Way of earning money Semi – Pro Status (amateur performers) Professional May take part in another activity as a recreation e.g. professional footballers play golf Way of earning money but not enough to live off

46. BTEC / Vocational Sports Coaching Awards A – Level PE CSLA Examination Courses GCSE PE JSLA 1g) School National Curriculum Requirements Introduces pupils to a variety of activities Physical Education is compulsory Students, irrespective of where they live should have similar experiences in PE Develop an understanding of activities, skills, tactics, safety and benefits of physical activity Makes pupils more aware of health and fitness issues

47. Club may use school facilities for training / matches. Links between schools and local clubs benefit both the school and the club Students may play for local clubs – providing the club with a constant supply of members Clubs can help school with coaching and by allowing them to use their facilities for training and matches Links With Local Sports Clubs 1g) School Extra Curricular Activities Links with local clubs Facilities They take place outside of normal school time Often include interschool fixtures Factors determining extra – curricular activities Important as they help develop high standards and help talented students to have the chance to play for their county or country Activities included in PE curriculum Interest and skills of teachers

48. Some activities are suitable for all ages such as golf, where skill is almost equally as important as physical attributes Gymnastics – is associated with younger people as the body is more flexible The sport and leisure activities people take part in is often closely related to their age As the body ages flexibility reduces at the joints, sprains and other injuries become more frequent As people get older they take part in sport less and the nature of the activity also changes In contact sports such as rugby, recovery time after injury takes longer as people age Age Walking, green bowling and recreational swimming are some activities enjoyed by people of all ages 1h) Social Background – Positive and Negative Effects Increased prize money More female commentators Gender Social Attitudes (Fewer women than men take part in sport) Coaching More media coverage Ways in which women are being encourage to participate in sport Labour saving devices Reasons for low participation levels Role Models Media Coverage Socially acceptable to take part in sport More female role models Finance

49. Canoeing and sailing as rivers and lakes tend to be found in the country Some water sports may be available in dockland developments Some activities require significant financial investment for equipment and travel Walking, hiking and fell running common in the countryside Climbing and abseiling as cliffs and rock faces tend to be found in the country Some climbing available at specially built climbing walls Facilities available in cities may differ to those available in the country Country City Pony trekking, horse riding are common countryside activities Access Specialist facilities such as fencing clubs are located in cities / towns 1h) Social Background – Positive and Negative Effects Financial support – equipment, transport and clothing Schools play a major part in developing attitudes towards participation in sport Family play, encouraging participation Family (major influence in determining interest in sport and leisure activities) Education Also have access to examination course such as GCSE and A - Level PE Pupils have access to PE as part of the National Curriculum By taking them to watch sport By going to watch them play Parents and sibling act as role models

50. Not all Peer Pressure is positive and people could be discouraged from participating due to friends influence Some countries have strong traditions in sport e.g. New Zealand and Rugby Friends may have the same interests playing in school and club teams People are often influenced by their friends this is known as Peer Group Pressure Can have both a positive and negative influence on participation Tradition and Culture Peer Groups Friends may share the same interests in recreational activities such as mountain biking and swimming In the UK there are regional strength e.g. Rugby league in Yorkshire and Lancashire 1h) Social Background – Positive and Negative Effects In the Lake District there are opportunities for many outdoor activities Environment Politics Providing funding for facilities, coaching and equipment Is a contributing factor to participation and might be sport specific The Government can influence participation Living in Cornwall may offer the chance to take part in surfing Promoting sport and leisure activities as being beneficial to health Ensuring time for physical education in schools In East Anglia there is no Mountain walking but plenty of water sport activities