Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

1. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

2. the sounds of that language (b, s, u) • how to combine those sounds into words (bus, sub) • How speech sounds are produced, and how they may be classified

3. Sound Segments • Key Pout • A napron > an apron • grade A gray day • I scream Ice cream • Segmenting the continuous sounds • How to segment sentences into words, and words into sounds

4. Identity of Speech Sounds • to ignore nonlinguistic differences in speech • tsk: Xhosa, Zulu, Sosotho, Khoikhoi • th: not in French • the inventory of speech sounds • acoustic/auditory/articulatory phonetics

5. The Phonetic Alphabet • Orthography • Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas? /i/ • The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine. /i/

6. /u:/ too oo threw ew to o lieu ieu clue ue shoe oe through ough

7. Ø or 2 Sounds • mnemonic, psychology, resign, ghost, island, whole, debt, exit, cute • Table 6.1

9. Articulatory Phonetics

10. Sound Production Figure 6.1

11. Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

12. Palate Velum Tongue Lips, teeth etc. Vocal folds

13. Vocal cords: thin bands of membrane • Glottis: opening between the vocal cords • Larynx: the voice box • Pharynx: tubular part • Oral cavity: the mouth • Nasal cavity • Vocal tract: all of the vocal cavities

14. consonants vs vowels • Consonants: with restriction or closure • Vowels: no restriction

15. Describing Speech Sounds • 1) Are the vocal folds vibrating?voiced vs. voiceless • 2) Is the air-flow restricted?vowel vs. consonant • 3) How is the air-flow restricted?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. • 4) Where is the air-flow restricted?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.

16. Places of Articulation • Bilabials • Labiodentals • Interdentals • Alveolars • Palatals • Velars • Glottals

17. Manner of Articulation 1 • Voiced and Voiceless Sounds • Aspirated/unaspirated • Nasal and Oral Sounds • Phonetic features

18. Manner of Articulation 2 • Stops • Fricatives • Affricates • Liquids • Glides • Approximants • flaps

19. Phonetic Symbols for American English Consonants • Table 6.4 • Table 6.5

20. Phonetic Symbols for American English Vowels • Tongue Position • Lip Rounding • Diphthongs • Nasalization of Vowels • Tense and Lax vowels • Different strokes for different folks

21. Major Phonetic Classes • Consonants or vowels • Voiced or unvoiced • Noncontinuants and Continuants • Obstruents and Sonorants • Consonantal: Labials, Coronals, Anteriors, Sibilants • Syllabic Sounds

22. Prosodic Features • suprasegmental features • Length: tense vowels > lax vowels • Pitch: the faster the vocal cords vibrate, the higher the pitch • Stress: louder, slightly higher in pitch

23. Intonation • May affect the meaning of whole sentences • John is here: statement or question

24. Phonetic Symbols and Spelling Correspondences • Table 6.6

25. Tongue againstvelum

26. ˜ Block the air stream at the velum. Where does it go through?

27. Now raise the velumto block the air....

28. Where does the airgo through?

29. gk Where does the airgo through?

30. bilabial

31. labiodental

32. interdental

33. alveolar

34. palatal

35. velar