Welcome to Academic Integrity: Using Source Material Responsibly

1. Welcome to Academic Integrity:Using Source Material Responsibly NDSU Center for Writers

2. Reality Academic writing is hard work that demands time concentration precision academic integrity

3. What is academic integrity? Dr. Lars R. Jones: “The idea of academic integrity embodies nothing less than a set of ethical principles to which all members of academia bind themselves.” * *Source: Lars R. Jones. Academic Integrity & Academic Dishonesty: A Handbook About Cheating & Plagiarism. Rev. ed. 2011. http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

4. What is academic integrity? Dr. Lars R. Jones: “Individuals have a duty to follow the rules and normsof academia as well as a duty to insure their peers also follow such rules and norms.”* *Source: Lars R. Jones. Academic Integrity & Academic Dishonesty: A Handbook About Cheating & Plagiarism. Rev. ed. 2011. http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

5. What is academic integrity? Dr. Lars R. Jones:“[A]cademic culture in the United States is rooted in many of the core valuesof a free and open society: freedom of speech and other forms of personal expression, freedom of conscience, an atmosphere of mutual trust, transparency, honesty, originality, fairness, and equity.”* *Source: Lars R. Jones. Academic Integrity & Academic Dishonesty: A Handbook About Cheating & Plagiarism. Rev. ed. 2011. http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

6. What is academic integrity? Dr. Lars R. Jones: “As a capitalist society, we also value intellectualand real property rights.”* *Source: Lars R. Jones. Academic Integrity & Academic Dishonesty: A Handbook About Cheating & Plagiarism. Rev. ed. 2011. http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

7. 3 Principles of Academic Integrity Dr. Charles Lipson: “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”* *Source: Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004, p.3.

8. 3 Principles of Academic Integrity Dr. Charles Lipson: “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.” * *Source: Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004, p.3.

9. 3 Principles of Academic Integrity Dr. Charles Lipson: “When you present research materials, you present them fairlyand truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”* *Source: Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004, p.3.

10. NDSU Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct “The academic community is operated on the basis of honesty, integrity, and fair play. This trust is violatedwhen students engage in academic misconduct, either inadvertently or deliberately.” **Source: NDSU Policy Manual, Section 335, Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct, http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

11. NDSU Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct “Academic misconduct (intentional or otherwise) includes but is not limited to the following: Plagiarizing, i.e., submitting work that is, in part or in whole, not entirely one’s own, without attributing such portions to their correct sources.”* *Source: NDSU Policy Manual, Section 335, Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct, http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

12. NDSU Penalties “Penalties may include, but are not limited to, failure for a particular assignment, test, or course. . . . [and] [i]n cases of particularly egregious academic misconduct . . . suspension or expulsion.”* *Source: NDSU Policy Manual, Section 335, Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct, http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

13. NDSU Penalties “If an instructional staff member imposes a penalty, the student may not drop the course in question without the permission of the instructional staff member.” *Source: NDSU Policy Manual, Section 335, Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct, http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

14. Career Penalties German Education Minister Annette Schavan in 2013 http://blogs.wsj.com/eurocrisis/2013/02/11/another-german-minister-felled-by-plagiarism-claims/ U.S. Senator Rand Paul in 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/31/us/politics/senator-rand-paul-is-accused-of-plagiarizing-his-lines-from-wikipedia.html?ref=politics (Then) U.S. Senator Barack Obama in 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/us/politics/19campaign.html?_r=1& (Then) U.S. Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr. in 1988 http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/18/us/biden-admits-plagiarism-in-school-but-says-it-was-not-malevolent.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Novelist Jacob Epstein in 1980 http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/01/home/amis-epstein.html

15. Two Types of Plagiarism Intentional = deliberate deception hiring someone to write your paper for you buying a paper off the Internet copying and pasting an entire source choosing to patchwrite = copying and pasting portions of many sources to pass off as authentic contributions

16. Two Types of Plagiarism Unintentional= accidental failure forgetting to acknowledge the author/source with in-text citations forgetting to include quotation marks when copying exact words failing to paraphrase or summarize completely (e.g., using exact words and/or sentence structure from the source) patchwriting resulting from inexperience

17. Patchwriting Similar to patchwork quilting—sewing large fabric blocks together to make a blanket. Joining large blocks of text together in a composition without any contribution from the writer of the paper = almost all of the document comes from sources.(e.g., literature reviews without discussion and transitions)

18. Responsible Use of Sources Writers must integrate source material carefully to create their own organizational structure with clear claims, transitions, and explanations introduce authors’ names in the text paraphrase others’ ideas completely mark exact words with quotation marks

19. Alternative Metaphor Envision an academic paper as a chocolate chip cookie.

20. Alternative Metaphor The “dough” contains the writer’s own ideas— thesis, sub-points, explanations, discussion, transitions. The “chocolate chips” are small pieces of source material within the dough—clearly delineated quotations, summaries, and paraphrases

21. Avoiding Plagiarism Strategies to incorporate source information responsibly: • Begin your writing process early to allow ample time for revision(Haste makes mistakes!)

22. Avoiding Plagiarism • Take careful notes from sources • record all publication material immediately(author, date, title, publisher, page, DOI or URL) • identify exact words with quotation marks immediately • summarize and paraphrase carefully

23. Avoiding Plagiarism • Avoid patchwriting by stating yourown ideas first and using sources to support or illustrate your points

24. Avoiding Plagiarism • Identify exactly where source material starts and stops • Smith (2005) found that . . . • According to Smith (2005), . . . • One study suggests that . . . (Smith 2005).

25. Avoiding Plagiarism Explain your point beforethe source material: In his controversial book, The Naked Ape, Morris (1967, p. 211) concludes that the survival of the human species depends on an increasing awareness of our biological heritage: “We must somehow . . .” * *Source: McMillan, Victoria E. 2006. Writing papers in the biological sciences. 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston, p. 29.

26. Avoiding Plagiarism Use direct quotations sparingly (not at all in some fields) Follow the style guide in your field (MLA, APA, etc.): Smith (1981, p. 255) defines schizophrenia as “a mental disease . . .” *

27. Avoiding Plagiarism • Seek help from the Center for Writers http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters/

28. Quoting • Put quotation marks around the text when you take notes and create your first draft • Indicate added or altered phrasesin brackets [ ] and indicate omitted text with ellipses: One participant stated that she “felt uncomfortable . . . answering because it [question 5] brought back terrible memories.”

29. Paraphrasing & Summarizing Readandre-reada source until you understand the main point Close the source Write from memory what you have learned Verify what you wrote for accuracy

30. Paraphrasing & Summarizing Totally rephrase the information: • Create new sentence structure with different subject and verb • DoNOTsimplyinsert a few synonyms in the same sentence • Realize that English language fluency is required (extensive vocabulary, knowledge of subtle connotations and usage), so consult a native speaker when unsure (make an appointment at the Center for Writers)

31. Paraphrasing & Summarizing • Use transitional words and phrases • State your own point • Integrate the sourceby identifying the author and presenting the data in your own words: However, subsequent studies contradict the initial findings. For example, Smith and Jones (2000) determined that mice were more susceptible than humans to the new strain. Their study examined…

32. Practice Paraphrase this original excerpt from Komoto et al., 1976, p. 141*: A very virulent isolate of Aleternatrai mali, the incitant of apple blotch, was found to produce two major host-specific toxins (HSTs) and five minor ones in liquid culture. The minor toxins were less active than the major ones, but were still specifically toxic to the plants which are susceptible to the pathogen. *Source: McMillan, Victoria E. 2006. Writing papers in the biological sciences. 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston, p. 29.

33. Unacceptable Paraphrase Failure to paraphrase accurately: Komoto et al. (1976, p. 141) found that a very virulent isolate of Aleternatraimali, the incitant of apple blotch disease, produced two main host-specific toxins (HSTs), as well as five minor ones in liquid culture. Although the minor toxins were less active than the major ones, they were still specifically toxic to thesusceptibleplants.* *Source: McMillan, Victoria E. 2006. Writing papers in the biological sciences. 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston, p. 29.

34. Responsible Paraphrase An accurate paraphrase totally restructures the sentence and emphasizes the important details: In their investigation of apple blotch, Kohmoto et al. (1976, p. 141) found that seven equally deadly host-specific toxins (HSTs) of varying activity levels were created by Aleternatrai mali.* *Source: McMillan, Victoria E. 2006. Writing papers in the biological sciences. 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston, p. 29.

35. Remember Before you write: • start researching immediately to avoid rushing (haste leads to sloppy errors) • record all author/source information in your notes • include quotation marks or completely paraphrase/summarize the material in your notes

36. Remember As you write: • integrate ALL sources accurately and completely according to the norms and style manual in your field • include in-text citations immediately and double-check them • create a reference page as you write

37. Writing Support NDSU Center for Writers Room 6on the lower level of the NDSU Library ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NEW scheduling process: graduates must now make appointments online at http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters/

38. Questions?