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Chapter 2-- Study Guide. Critically read Chapter 2 pp. 59-69 before “ENZYMES AND METABOLISM” section Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in the textbook) Study-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions Do end-of-chapter questions:
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Chapter 2-- Study Guide • Critically read Chapter 2 pp. 59-69 before “ENZYMES AND METABOLISM” section • Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in the textbook) • Study-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions • Do end-of-chapter questions: • Testing Your Recall— 6 to 10, 15-17 • True or False– 1 3, 5, 6, 7
§ Organic compounds — • Def.--Compounds of carbon • The organic molecules of life— 4 groups: carbohydrates, lipids, . . . • Functional groups of organic molecules— a group of atoms that determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule • For example– Fig. 2.14
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ̶ A Nucleotide Base; adenine three _______________ groups Sugar; ribose 5
§ Monomers and polymers — • Polymers– molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar ___________ • For example, starch is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers • Mechanism (how?) by poly ____ – this above process; also called dehydration synthesis (OR condensation) Fig. 2.15
Which is polymerization reaction, A or B? A. B. Give an example of polymerization. 7
§ Carbohydrates — • Hydrophilic molecules– Why? • General formula (CH2O)n • 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)—glucose, fructose, and galactose; isomers of each other (C6H12O6) Fig. 2.16
Where are carbon atoms? Fig. 2.16-- Three monosaccharides; hydroxyl groups? Disaccharides-- next slide 9
Glucose + Fructose 2. Disaccharides Milk sugar A product of starch digestion 10
3A. Polysaccharide– long chains of glucose (Glucose, glu.) Starch and cellulose next slide Glu. Glu. Can we make glycogen? Glu. Glu. Glu. Glu. 11
§ Carbohydrates (continued)— • 3B. Other polysaccharides– • Starch—energy-storing molecules in plants; when sunlight + nutrients is not available, plants use starch as energy • C____________—structural molecule of cell walls; can we digest it? Why? • For example, wood, cotton etc.
§ Carbohydrates (continued)— • 4. conjugated carbohydrates– • Bound to proteins (a) & lipids (glycolipids, cell surface coat) • Example— a.glycoproteins; major component of mucus; where? • b. Proteoglycans– hold cells and tissues together; gelatinous filler in the eye; in the joints etc.
Review Table 2.6, a summary of carbohydrate functions:1. Monosaccharides2. Disaccharides3. Polysaccharides4. Conjugated carbohydrates 14
§ Lipids — • Hydrophobic molecules; Why? • Include C, H, and O; with high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen Ex. C57H110O6 (tristearin) vs. (CH2O)n • Less oxidized than carbohydrates; more calories per gram • Several major types of lipids in humans Table 2.7
Steroids 16
1.--3 Fatty acids Glycerol Is this a dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis reaction? 2.--Triglyceride synthesis 17
Next slide 3.--Fig. 2.20 Lecithin, a phospholipid 18
Fig. 2.20c– A simplified representation of the phopholipid molecule Why is a phospholipid amphiphilic? 19
4.--Fig. 2.21 A prostaglandin, Eicosanoids • Five of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. • Functions-- 20
5.—Fig. 2.22 Cholesterol All steroids have this basic four-ringed structure. Functions—? Next slide 21
5.--Cholesterol — • (Where?) Cholesterol is found only in animals (natural product); from where? • Related to cardiovascular disease (INSIGHT 2.3—Good and bad cholesterol; p. 76) • Function-- • Precursor of steroids • Important component of cell membrane
§ Amino acids & proteins — • A protein is a polymer of amino acids • A amino acid has a central carbon atom with an amino and a carboxyl group bound to it • The radical (R) group makes each of the 20 amino acid unique • Essential a.a.--? Fig. 2.23
Similarities of all a.a.? R groups 24
§ Amino acids & proteins (continued)— • Joining of amino acids– by peptide bonds– to form peptides Fig. 2.23, 2.25
a.a. #2 Is this a dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis reaction? 26
Fig. 2.25 primary structure of insulin § Protein structure 27
§ Amino acids & proteins (continued)— • Tertiary structure– folding into globular and fibrous shapes • Globular proteins– a ball of yarn; Ex. enzymes and antibodies • Fibrous proteins– slender filaments; muscle contraction proteins--
§ Protein functions— • Structure– Keratin gives strength to nails, hair, and skin surface • Communication– oxytocin (a ligand) binds to a protein (its receptors) • Membrane transport channels—Sodium and potassium channels • Catalysis– enzymes etc.
Check Point Questions • Use the simplified phospholipids (each with a head and two wavy tails) to construct a portion of a cell membrane. • Point out the polar region and the nonpolar regions.