The Byzantine Empire & Russia: Classical Era Review

1. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE & RUSSIA Coach Harr World History

2. CLASSICAL ERA REVIEW Classical Greece (500 BCE – 323 BCE) Competing city-states due, in part, to geography  Could unify against outside threats (Persian Wars)  Conquered by Macedonians (Phillip II, AtG’s father) Commercial agriculture using slavery  Wine & olive oil Polytheism  Rise of Greek Rationalism (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.) Strictly patriarchal (with exceptions - Sparta, Aspasia) Famous for the arts  Architecture, literature, etc.

3. GREEK CULTURAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

4. ALEXANDER THE GREAT

5. ALEXANDER THE GREAT

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE HELLENISTIC ERA Library at Alexandria Astronomy Geocentric Theory vs. Heliocentric Theory Eratosthenes calculated the Earth’s circumference Mathematics Euclid’s Elements (465 geometry propositions & proofs) Pythagoras developed Pythagorean theorem Archimedes of Syracuse Estimated the value of pi, law of lever, pulley systems, catapult, Archimedes principal (displacement) etc.

7. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

8. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

9. ROMAN EXPANSION

10. FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

11. ROMAN EMPIRE Roman Empire Roman Government  Republic replaced by monarchy (Augustus Caesar)  Citizenship, the law (Twelve Tables), & the military Commercial economy (slavery)  Thriving trade on the Mediterranean & Silk Roads Polytheistic  Rise of religions of salvation (Christianity) Strictly patriarchal Most noted for engineering accomplishments  The Colosseum, the Pantheon, aqueducts, roads, etc.

12. ROMAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS

13. FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 164 – Antonine Plague spreads through Rome 180 – End of Pax Romana 300 – Diocletian divides the Empire 313 – Constantine legalizes Christianity 410 – Visigoths sack Rome 455 – Vandals sack Rome 476 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire Diocletian chooses to rule the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. What does this say about the Western half?

14. EAST VS. WEST Why was the fall of the western Roman Empire more severe than the eastern Roman Empire? What were the consequences of the fall of the western half of Empire? Eastern half?

15. EASTERN ROME: A SURVIVOR SOCIETY Constantine established the Eastern capital at Byzantium Constantinople Reasons for Survival Higher level of civilization Fewer nomadic invasions  Geography Prosperous commerce Stronger military

16. THE EMPIRE CONTINUED Continued to use many late Roman ideas roads taxation military structure court system law codes Christianity Attempt to preserve Roman legacy Called themselves Romans Forbid German or “barbarian” customs  Could not wear boots, pants, or clothing made of animal skins  Could not have long hair

17. JUSTINIAN (527-565) Byzantine empire reached greatest size under Justinian (527-565) Wanted to rebuild Roman Empire Temporarily regained North Africa, Italy and southern Spain Wife, Theodora, had considerable power Rebuilt Constantinople Hagia Sophia Justinian’s Code

18. BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN

19. Hagia Sophia

20. INSIDE THE HAGIA SOPHIA

21. AFRO-EURASIA IN 600 CE Frankish Frankish Frankish Kingdoms Kingdoms Kingdoms Avar Kingdom Avar Kingdom Avar Kingdom Parhae Parhae Parhae Yamoto Japan Japan Japan Yamoto Yamoto Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Sassanid Sassanid Sassanid Empire Empire Empire Sui China Sui China Sui China Silla Silla Silla Harsha’ Empire Harsha’ Empire Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Chalukya Chalukya Ghana Ghana Ghana Axum Axum Axum States and Empires in 600 CE States and Empires in 600 CE States and Empires in 600 CE States and Empires in 600 CE

22. THE NEW ROMAN EMPIRE Never as large as the Roman Empire Arab conquests in 7thcentury resulted in loss of Syria/Palestine, Egypt, & North Africa Political authority centralized in Constantinople Emperor claimed to be God’s representative on Earth “Peer of the Apostles” Borrowed Persian & Greek court rituals

23. AFRO-EURASIA IN 800 CE Carolingian Carolingian Carolingian Parhae Parhae Parhae Byzantine Byzantine Byzantine Cordoba Caliphate Caliphate Caliphate Cordoba Cordoba Silla Silla Silla Gurjara- Gurjara- Gurjara- Pratihara Pratihara Pratihara Tang China Tang China Tang China Heian Heian Heian Japan Japan Japan Abbasid Caliphate Caliphate Caliphate Abbasid Abbasid Ghana Ghana Ghana Axum Axum Axum Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya States and Empires in 800 CE States and Empires in 800 CE States and Empires in 800 CE States and Empires in 800 CE

24. DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE Begins to decline in 1085 Expansion by rising European powers The Crusades  The Fourth Crusade (1204) Turkish Muslims – Seljuks Decline slowed by “Greek fire” Empire falls in 1453 Constantinople conquered by Ottoman Turks

25. BYZANTINE CHALLENGES

26. AFRO-EURASIA IN 1400 CE Union of Kalmar Union of Kalmar Russian Russian States States Scotland Scotland England England Poland- Lithuania Hungary Hungary Poland- Lithuania Khanate of the Golden Horde Golden Horde Khanate of the Jagatai Jagatai Khanate Khanate Holy Roman Holy Roman Empire Empire France France Portugal Portugal Castile Castile Ottoman Emp. Ottoman Emp. Korea Korea Timurid Empire Timurid Empire Ashikaga Japan Japan Ashikaga Granada Granada Ming Ming China China Marinids Hafsids Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Sultanate Mamluk Mali Mali Siam Siam Ethiopia Ethiopia Oyo Benin Oyo Benin Vijayanagara Vijayanagara Zanj City-States Zanj City-States Majapahit Majapahit Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1400 CE States and Empires in 1400 CE States and Empires in 1400 CE States and Empires in 1400 CE Zimbabwe

27. BYZANTINE ECONOMY Byzantine coins were the standard currency for region Manufacturing center Glassware & mosaics Thriving silk industry  Process spread from China  Government regulated production of silk Established banks and business partnerships Taxed merchandise that passed through empire

28. The “New Rome” - Constantinople The “New Rome” Political, economic, and cultural heart of the empire Largest city in Europe Nearly 1 million people Important trade city Western anchor of Eurasian trade routes  Silk Roads Europe’s busiest marketplace

29. CONSTANTINOPLE IN BYZANTINE TIMES

30. BYZANTINE SOCIETY Early emperors prevented wealthy from seizing peasant’s land Theme System  Army recruited soldiers from peasant class  Peasants received land for service Free peasantry replaced by large estates in the 11thcentury Led to declining tax revenue Size of the army decreased Frequent peasant revolts  Zealots of Thessalonica (1342-1350)

31. BYZANTINE CULTURE Cultural Foundations Christian beliefs Greek learning Roman engineering Byzantine Education State-organized schools Widespread literacy Chariot Races Blues vs. Greens Riot of 532

32. ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY Byzantine emperors combined political and religious authority Caesaropapism Appointed the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church Empire AND the church were essential for achieving salvation Orthodox or “right thinking” provided a cultural identity separate from Roman Catholicism Similarities: The Bible, sacraments, church structure, missionary activity, & intolerant of other religions

33. ORTHODOX/CATHOLIC SIMILARITIES The Bible Sacraments Church hierarchy of patriarchs (bishops, priests, etc.) Missionary activity Intolerant of other religions

34. THE GREAT SCHISM - 1054 Roman Catholic Christianity Orthodox Christianity Eastern Europe Constantinople Greek Iconoclasm Priests could marry Easter Caesaropapism Western Europe Rome Latin Support use of icons Priests remain celibate Christmas Pope They also disagree on: • The nature of the Trinity • Relative importance of faith and reason

35. EFFECTS OF THE GREAT SCHISM

36. RISE OF RUSSIA Area inhabited by Slavs Vikings arrive using river system Set up state based on trade & conquest around 9thCentury State founded by Rurik Capital at Kiev People called Rus

37. RUSSIA & CHRISTIANITY Prince Vladimir converted in 989 Converted for trade, commercial reasons Elites baptized by order of prince, often against will Served as conduit for spread of Byzantine culture, religion  Cyrillic Alphabet Famous Russian onion domes

38. KIEVAN RUS “Third Rome” Decentralized government Divided into provinces Constant strife between boyars and princes Constant threat of nomadic invasion