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Resistance

Resistance. and resistivity. Current. Current is sort of a vector Direction is constrained by conductor Restricted to forward or backward (+ or –). Resistance. Current does not flow unhindered Electrical resistance is analogous to friction or drag

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Resistance

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  1. Resistance and resistivity

  2. Current • Current is sort of a vector • Direction is constrained by conductor • Restricted to forward or backward (+ or –)

  3. Resistance • Current does not flow unhindered • Electrical resistance is analogous to friction or drag • Expressed as potential needed to maintain a current

  4. Ohm’s Law DV I = R I = current DV = voltage = electric potential drop R = resistance Unit of resistance : V / A = ohm (W)

  5. Voltage Causes Current Potential drop is the cause. Current is the effect. Resistance reduces the effect of potential.

  6. Does it Work? • Approximation of varying utility:R is independent of DV and I • When true, the material is ohmic

  7. Poll Question If you want to increase the current through a resistor, you need to • Increase the resistance or voltage. • Decrease the resistance or voltage. • Increase the resistance or decrease the voltage. • Decrease the resistance or increase the voltage.

  8. Ohm’s Law Rearranged If you know two, you can find the third. DV DV I = R = DV= IR R I I = current DV = potential R = resistance

  9. Example A 1.5-V battery powers a light bulb with a resistance of 9 W. What is the current through the bulb? Ohm’s Law I = V / R V = 1.5 V; R = 9 W I = (1.5 V ) / (9 V/A) = 1/6 A

  10. Resistivity For current through a cylinder: L A • Longer L greaterR. • Greater A smallerR. • More resistive material  bigger R.

  11. Resistivity • R = rL/A • ris Resistivity • Unit: ohm·meter = Wm • More or less constant depending on material, conditions

  12. Resistivity • Intensive quantity • Does not depend on the amount of material, only its conditions • Predictive value when mostly constant (ohmic)

  13. Resistivities vary widely

  14. Example The resistivity of copper is 1.710–8Wm. What is the resistance of a 100-km length of copper wire that is 1/4” in diameter?

  15. Classes of Conductors • How resistivity changes with temperature a = temperature coefficient of resistivity

  16. Classes of Conductors • How resistivity changes with temperature

  17. Power dissipated by a resistor

  18. Electric Power Potential is energy per charge:V = DE/ q Current is charge per time:I= q /Dt So, (potential times current) = (energy per time) = power Power = VI

  19. Group Work Power P = VI and V = IR. Using these, show that: • P = I2R • P = V2/R

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