Unit 2 Practitioner’s Work

1. Unit 2 Practitioner’s Work Johnson’s Conflict-Leadership Style Measure (Proverbs) Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

2. What is your conflict style and is there a difference between our hypothetical groups? • First, take the measure to determine your conflict leadership style. • http://www.csb.uncw.edu/people/magnusj/MGT%20358%20Lecture%20Slides/confict%20management%20strategies%20questionnaire.doc • Source: Johnson, David W. Reaching out, interpersonal effectiveness and self actualization. (2nd ed.) New York: Prentice Hall, 1981.   Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

3. Conflict Strategy • The higher the total score for each conflict strategy, the more frequently you tend to use that strategy.  • The lower the total score is for each conflict strategy, the less frequently you tend to use that strategy.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

4. Hypothetical Study • Imagine a study was conducted to determine the leadership styles of communication and leadership majors versus business majors. • Research question:  “Are there differences in the conflict-leadership styles of between communication and leadership majors and business majors?" Operational definition for our hypothetical study.  "Conflict-leadership style is the primary style of the individual as measured by theProverb Conflict-Leadership Style Inventory (Johnson, 1981).“ Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

5. An example experimental study. • We could give a pretest, a treatment--say taking a communication and leadership course--and a post-test. • We could measure changes caused by the treatment. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

6. Chi-square • We would use a Chi-square because it is nominal data. • When using Chi-square, you'll typically want at least 20 people or items per cell for accurate results.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

7. Imagine the hypothetical results looked like this information.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

8. Enter the data and calculate. • CALCULATE in an online calculator, SPSS, EXCEL, or other program. • Enter the dataand calculate.  • Is there a difference between the two groups (Communication & Leadership Majors and Business Majors? Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

9. Finding An Online Calculator If a link doesn’t work, find your own. You can search by using your favorite browser and entering “statistics calculator” or “chi-square calculator” or similar key words. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

10. Online Calculators I recommend a university-based calculator like this one, but there are many fine commercial calculators too. • http://people.ku.edu/~preacher/chisq/chisq.htm Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

11. Enter the data. In this case, a free online Chi-square calculator was used. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

12. When you enter the data and calculate, here is the result:  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

13. Chi-square table. • "The number of degrees of freedom associated with a contingency table consisting of r rows and c columns is (r-1) (c-1). . .  • In order to test the null hypothesis, we compare the test statistic with the critical value Chi-square at the probability level we want to use. Let us use .05.“ Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

14. Using a Chi-Square Table • Go to a Chi-Square table in any statistics textbook or online, and you can see whether or not there is a significant difference.  • In this case, when you check the table, the results are higher than needed for a .05 level of confidence or a .001 level of confidence.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

15. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

16. If you look at the degrees of freedom at the left (select 4 for this example remember) and go across to .05 level, the Chi-square needs to be higher than 9.488.  • The data yield a Chi-square much higher than needed to suggest there is a significant difference between the two majors. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

17. Interpretation • We can be confident that these results did not happen by chance.  • The results cannot "prove" anything, but "suggest" or "support."  • We interpret that in this hypothetical study, communication and leadership majors are more likely to use a collaboration style and business majors are more likely to use a competitive style.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

18. "The data suggest a difference between the conflict-leadership styles of communication and leadership majors and business majors." • Remember, this study is fictional, not real. Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

19. Null hypothesis. • If the hypothesis is H0:  There is no significant difference between the conflict-leadership style of communication and leadership majors and business majors, we reject the null hypothesis.  • Explanation about null hypothesis: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/hypothesis_testing.html Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

20. Hypothesis: • If our hypothesis is:  "There is a significant difference between the conflict-leadership style of communication and leadership majors and business majors,” then the data supports the hypothesis.  Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square

21. End You’re making progress up the hill! Unit 2 Practitioner's Work Chi-square