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Religious Wars

Religious Wars. German Peasant Revolts. Peasant Revolts. Follow Luther’s changes Take away prince’s power Issues: laws, customs, taxes Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom. Luther’s Response. Sympathized but NO support Not social revolutionary “Un-Christian”

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Religious Wars

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  1. Religious Wars

  2. German Peasant Revolts

  3. Peasant Revolts • Follow Luther’s changes • Take away prince’s power • Issues: laws, customs, taxes • Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom

  4. Luther’s Response • Sympathized but NO support • Not social revolutionary • “Un-Christian” • Supported princes right to crush • “Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars”- Luther did not support the revolt

  5. German Princes back Luther • 1530 Augsburg Confession • Written statement of beliefs seen as act of rebellion against Church and Holy Roman Emperor • Leads to War • 1555 Peace of Augsburg • Ferdinand of Austria • German princes decide religion of their kingdoms • N. Germany becomes Protestant

  6. Response to Protests • Pope uses religious measures • HRE Charles V uses military measures • Turns on Protestant German princes • Protestant German Princes- form Schmalkaldic League as defensive group • Had taken land from Church • Charles had no help from Catholic princes

  7. Response to Protests • 1530 Charles V orders all princes to imperial Diet in Augsburg • People must revert back to Catholicism • Church will get land back • 1555 Peace of Augsburg- (German princes) he he owns lands determines religion • Lutheranism, Catholicism • Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

  8. Response to Protests • Charles was not happy with peace • Wanted unity, not division • Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism, chivalry, Church) • Crown given up to Philip II and Ferdinand

  9. The Conflict between England and Spain

  10. The Beginning… • Philip II supported Mary Queen of Scots (also a Catholic) • Upon Mary’s death relations between Spain and England began to decline

  11. Mary Queen of Scots

  12. 1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen • Elizabeth (Protestant) • Spain worried about power of Catholic France • Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth (brother-in-law) • Elizabeth delayed possibility of marriage to gain diplomatic advantages • She had no intention of marrying him

  13. Elizabeth I

  14. Sea Dogs • Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs to raid Spanish treasure fleets coming from Americas • Most famous- Sir Francis Drake • 1st to sail around world since Magellan • Most popular common man

  15. Defeat of Spanish Armada • Philip orders fleet to attack England • Causes: Spain angered • Drake knighted • English helped Dutch Protestants revolt against them • Order to execute Mary • Philip gathers largest attack force- Invincible Armada

  16. The Plan • Attack ship carrying troops returning from Netherlands • Then move to invade England • July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada sighted off English coast • England leaves to meet them

  17. The Spanish Armada

  18. The Strategies • Spain- tight formation, closer range battle • Short range canons • England- knew of Spain’s tactics • Fast moving ships • Long range canons • After 2 weeks- indecisive battles, Spain kept moving up English coast

  19. The Battle Continues… • English send 8 unmanned fire ships • Spanish panicked and headed toward open water breaking formation • England moved in on disorganized Spanish (15 captured) • Storm hits- Spanish commander abandons mission • 67 of 130 ships return to Spain

  20. Significance of Defeat • Decline of Spain’s political power • Europe saw battle as Catholics v. Protestants • Catholic Reformation suffers set back • England’s power increased • Free to develop overseas empire • Elizabethan Age began

  21. The Conflict Between the Dutch and Spain

  22. Spain- Catholic feudal system guilds for protection Netherlands- Protestant little feudal influence starting new ways of running a business 1500’s Dutch were enemies of Spain

  23. Netherlands given to Philip • 1559 Philip sends sister Margaret to govern • Goals: • Raise taxes • Stamp out Protestantism • Results: Dutch are angered • Nationalism, religion, money

  24. 1566 Dutch Sea Beggars attack Catholic Church • Spanish Response: • 20,000 soldiers sent in • Heretics killed (1568- 1,500 in one day) • Stamp out Protestantism • 1568-1578 war broke out between Protestant Dutch and Catholic Spaniards

  25. Prince William of Orange • (“the Silent”) led Dutch • Political not religious • William raised as Catholic • Initially unsuccessful • Desperation= low countries (below sea level) • Dikes/floodgates opened (repeated)

  26. The End… • 1579 Dutch gain ground • 1581 United Provinces of Netherlands becomes independent • William wanted state of religious tolerance • South Netherlands remains Catholic under Spanish control • 1600’s- only European country that accepted all religions (Jews move in)

  27. France-Rule of Catherine de Medici

  28. Who was Catherine? • Family from Florence, Italy • Valois Dynasty- ruled since 1328 • Wife of Henry II • Regent for sons (ruled in their name) • Ruled because sons incompetent

  29. Religious Conflict • Early 16th century = religious tolerance • Calvinist minority (Huguenots) v Catholics (monarchs) • Towns divided- attacks on people and churches

  30. Religious Conflict • House of Bourbon v. House of Gees • (Protestant nobles v. Catholic nobles) • Both wanted to overthrow Valois monarchy and start new dynasty • 1562-1589- 9 civil wars between these groups (compared to England?)

  31. St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre- Background • Aug, 22, 1572 Attempted assassination Coligny (Protestant, advisor of King Charles IX)politics • Rising power of Protestants • Catherine behind Guise plot • Catherine feared son’s response and Huguenots reaction • Convinced son of Huguenot coup • Swift execution of Protestants save Paris

  32. St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots killed in Paris • Within 3 days- 20,000 Huguenots killed • Massacre began with Catherine’s consent • Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II- religious celebration

  33. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  35. Charles IX’s Response • “But then you must kill all the Huguenots in France so that none shall be left to reproach me. Kill them all! Kill them all!”

  36. Henry III • Last Valois king • 15 year rule- During civil war • Nobles convert to Protestantism to weaken Catholic king • Politiques- strong monarchy, religious tolerance • Appeared Guise might take throne • Philip II backed Guise and take Paris • Henry III had Duke of Guise murdered

  37. More Spanish Influence • Philip II defeated Henry II in Holland • Wanted to get rid of Protestants • Spain had hand picked French king • French upset over the influence of Philip II • Bourbons driven out of France

  38. The Rule of Henry IV (of Navarre)

  39. Henry IV of Navarre

  40. Henry IV • Heir (from medieval King (St.) Louis IX) • House of Bourbon (Huguenots) • First Bourbon King – support of Protestants and Catholic politiques • 9 years of fighting to gain crown • Decisive, fearless, clever politician • No support from Catholics in Paris • 1593 Henry converts (for country)

  41. Henry IV • “Paris is worth a mass” • 1598 Edict of Nantes- Huguenots could practice in peace • 1st great act of tolerance • Church in every town but Paris • Toleration officially recognized by ruler • Huguenots make strongholds • Will lead to Henry’s death (1610)

  42. Henry Rebuilds • Henry wanted to restore France’s prosperity/economy • Welfare of commoners- “…every peasant will have a chicken in the pot on Sunday.” • Never accomplished this • Knew of peasant’s hard life • Economic advisors- Duke of Sully helped with finances • No more Spanish invasions • Bourbon line will become Catholic

  43. France Richelieu and Louis XIII

  44. Cardinal Richelieu

  45. Richelieu’s Domestic Policies • Campaign against Huguenots • 1629 Peace of Alais- no walled cities, political orgs., courts • La Rochelle- largest walled city

  46. Dangers to the Crown • Independence of Huguenot cities • Richelieu not politique-strikes against Huguenots • Fear of defiance of King • Still could worship

  47. Dangers to the Crown • Power of the Hapsburgs • Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered France) • 30 Years War= Hapsburgs v. Protestants in Holland and Germany • France wants Hapsburgs to lose and therefore support Protestants • Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve right to practice • Results: Protestants win 30 Years War • (Treaty of Westphalia, Gustavas Adolphus)

  48. Effects of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

  49. Cause… • Protestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia • Anger because King Ferdinand II was a German-speaking, Austrian Catholic (HAPSBURG) • 1619 Ferdinand II became HRE • Austrian = national hatred • Catholic = threat to religious freedom • Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings (France) • Reaction- army puts down riot, German princes challenge HRE

  50. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Ferdinand II’s son • Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant enemies • France takes Alsace • German princes almost independent of HRE • Calvinism gained equal status • Dutch Republic becomes independent state • Sweden gains German land

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