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U.S. History 3 Chapter 24-1 “Into a New Century: 1992-Today”

U.S. History 3 Chapter 24-1 “Into a New Century: 1992-Today”. The Computer and Technology Revolutions. Technology Changes American Life. 1900’s: Wright Brothers invented the Airplane 1950’s: Television became “mainstream” 1969: Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon

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U.S. History 3 Chapter 24-1 “Into a New Century: 1992-Today”

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  1. U.S. History 3Chapter 24-1“Into a New Century: 1992-Today” The Computer and Technology Revolutions

  2. Technology Changes American Life • 1900’s: Wright Brothers invented the Airplane • 1950’s: Television became “mainstream” • 1969: Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon • *1940’s, 50’s, 60’s, and 70’s: Computer Technology is developed

  3. Developing the Modern Computer • 1946: U.S. military developed the first “modern” computer • -It was as large as a basement and calculated artillery locations and atomic bomb information-basically, it was a giant calculator • After WWII: Private companies worked to shrink the size of the computer and make it “practical” • 1954: International Business Machines (IBM) developed first commercial computer • Microchip- used silicon circuits to run complex operations –”Silicon Valley” was born • Personal Computers- small computers equipped with microchips that could be sold commercially

  4. Transforming Business and Industry • At first, personal computers were expensive and hard to use • Apple: Steve Jobs and SteveWozniak developed the first “user friendly” PC (APPLE II) in a garage • *Apple also developed the technology for condensing complicated codes into “icons” and a navigation tool called “the mouse” • Microsoft: Bill Gates developed the technology for the “Microprocessor” that allowed PCs to get smaller, faster, and easier to use

  5. ARPANET • ARPANET: was created by the military, so different offices could communicate with one another on a “network” (Computers connected to one another and able to communicate) • *this technology became the foundation of the Internet (World Wide Web) • Amazon.com- revolutionized buying and selling products by computer (then came Craig’s List…etc) • Social Networking Sites- allow users to communicate conveniently with one another from any where in the world at a relatively cheap price (MySpace, Facebook)

  6. Revolutions in Science and Agriculture • Biotechnology- use of living organisms in the making of new products • Medicine: Drugs, Artificial Hearts, Organ Transplants…etc • *Lasers now used for surgery (remember “Star Wars”) • Human Genome Project- plan to map ALL human DNA: thought is that genetic diseases (sickle cell) could be isolated and “cured”- some feel information could be used as a “weapon” (biological warfare) • Agricultural Technology- better machines, irrigation, biologically “modified” foods- stay fresh longer…etc. • 1900: 50% of Americans worked on farms • 2000: 2% did

  7. A Communications’ Revolution • “Information Age” – Name given to the 1990’s and 2000’s. • Computers • Cell Phones • Internet • *Allowed people access to enormous amounts of information • *Allowed people to get news from sources other than the major networks- for good or bad

  8. Satellite Technology • Satellites- mechanical devices that orbit the earth and are able to send and receive information • 1970’s: Ted Turner- 1980: Turner used Satellite technology to form a 24-hour program called “Cable News Network” (CNN)

  9. A Changing American Economy • *Technology caused the “service industry” to grow rapidly- Today 75% of U.S. Jobs are in the “Service Industry” (Nurse, Teachers…etc) • Globalization- process by which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become integrated with those of other nations around the world • Multi-national Corporations- Companies that have their headquarters in one nation but factories or stores in another (ALDI) • Positive- price of goods tend to drop • Negative- U.S. jobs tend to get “outsourced” to nations that have a “lower standard of living” because people will work for less

  10. Computers Transform Workplaces • *Most U.S. jobs require some form of computer training (Bankers, Stockbrokers, Programming Engineers…even teachers; I am using one right now!) • The Service Sector Expands- Lawyers, Teachers, Doctors, Research Analysts, Consultants, Police Officers, Professional Athletes, Movie Stars, Sales People, Fast Food Employees • *these jobs make up the lowest and highest paying in the country (depends on level of “formal” education) • 1948: Richard and Maurice McDonald- opened a restaurant based on “quick/cheap” service • Walton Family- Sam Walton formed a department chain based on efficiency and cheap prices • Wal-Mart

  11. Organized Labor (Union) Declines • Rise in service economy and the shrinking of manufacturing led to a dramatic decrease in labor union membership • 1945- 35% of U.S. workers were “union”. • 2000- 14% of workers were “union” • 2011- 11%: Wisconsin voted on a bill that stripped public workers of their right to “collectively bargain” contracts • *Unions are often scapegoated for rising prices and “outsourcing” during recessions • *Globalization allows companies to exploit foreign labor markets (many Chinese and other Asian workers face conditions similar to American industrial workers in the 1800’s)

  12. Unions Decline • *Because Americans expect a higher standard of living, companies ship jobs overseas and then ship the finished product back into the country without penalty (Nike: a Vietnamese worker will make $1.60 to produce a pair of shoes the company will sell for $100 at Foot Locker…to you) • After shipping costs are added: You will pay $100 for a pair of shoes that cost $5 to make and ship • *Would you be willing to make $1.60/day? Without benefits? Why/Why Not? • So much for “cheaper” products for “cheaper” labor • Average wages for American workers has declined (When adjusted for inflation) while business profits have skyrocketed • The “Wealth Gap” continues to grow

  13. U.S. History 3Chapter 24-2“Into a New Century: 1992-Today” The Clinton Presidency

  14. 1991: George H.W. Bush had an approval rating of 91% 1991-1992: U.S. entered an economic recession Saddam Hussein remained in power and defiant Federal Deficit had risen Bush raised taxes: 1988: “Read my lips, no new taxes” 1992 Presidential Election

  15. William Jefferson Clinton- Governor of Arkansas “New Democrat”- attempted to “reconcile” liberal and conservative ideas- find middle ground *Government was important but had become too large and inefficient Clinton Raises the Challenge

  16. Winning the White House • George H.W. Bush- Republican • Bill Clinton- Democrat • H. Ross Perot- Billionaire who ran as an independent and promised to run the country “like a business” • Clinton identified with “average” Americans because he was from a “modest” background • *Clinton won 43% of the popular vote to Bush’s 37%

  17. Clinton’s Domestic Policies • Family Medical Leave Act- guaranteed 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work to care for a newborn, recover from serious illness, or care for an immediate family member with one • Healthcare Reform Fails- Hillary Clinton was appointed to a health care task force • *Americans did not want the government to run the health care system

  18. 1992-1993; Violent crime rate extremely high Brady Bill- Gun control bill named after James Brady (Reagan aide who was wounded and paralyzed during the Reagan assassination attempt) Bill called for waiting period and background checks when purchasing firearms $30 Billion- Given to police departments around the country Dealing With Violence

  19. Dealing With Violence • 1995: Oklahoma City- Timothy McVeigh bombed a federal building killing 168 people and injured over 800 (many of them children) • *McVeigh was a Gulf War Veteran and had become an Anti-Government Extremist • *McVeigh later said that he did it as retaliation for “Waco” and was executed in Terre Haute, Indiana • 1999: Columbine High School- two students killed 12 classmates in Littleton, Colorado

  20. Clinton adopted some “conservative” ideas (Crime Bills) 1996: Economy, driven by the “.com boom” began to grow at a rapid pace and unemployment dropped. Clinton was also able to balance the budget and inflation dropped Clinton defeated Bob Dole (Republican) and H. Ross Perot Clinton Wins Re-Election

  21. Scandals, Impeachment, and Trial • Whitewater- Bill and Hillary were under investigation for their role in a real estate scandal while he was the Governor of Arkansas • Janet Reno- Attorney General appointed an “Independent Counsel” –established after Watergate • 1994: U.S. Court of Appeals (Enforcing Congressional Law), Appointed Kenneth Starr- to investigate Clinton • *Starr was not able to find evidence of Clinton wrongdoing, but some of their “associates” were convicted

  22. Impeachment • During the Whitewater Investigation, Starr uncovered a potential relationship between Clinton and a White House Intern named Monica Lewinsky • Clinton denied the affair while under oath (Perjury) and later admitted to it • *1998: Starr recommended Clinton be impeached for Perjury and Abuse of Power (related to cover-up) • *No charges were ever brought in the Whitewater Investigation

  23. Impeachment • Impeachment- Process of putting a sitting President on trial for “Treason, Bribery, and High Crimes and Misdemeanors” • System of Checks and Balances • House of Representatives: decides if a President should be “impeached” • Senate: Conducts the trial and votes on guilt or innocence (66% Guilty Votes for removal) • Supreme Court: Presides over legal procedures to ensure that all rules are followed

  24. Impeachment • Most Americans were disgusted by Clinton’s actions but did not think that they rose to an “impeachable” offense level • Clinton was acquitted on all counts on February 12th, 1999 • *During the trial, Clinton ordered a bombing campaign of Serbia (Over “ethnic cleansing” in Kosovo) and many critics accused him of “waging the dog” a reference to a movie starring Robert DeNiro in which a politician starts a war (in Hollywood) to distract people from his scandals at home

  25. U.S. History 3Chapter 24-3“Into a New Century: 1992-Today” Global Politics and Economics

  26. Competing in the Global Economy • The Role of Free Trade- “Globalization” the concept of “Free Trade” (Commerce free of tariffs and extensive government regulations) • “Catch 22” – Americans want “low cost” goods (From China), but don’t want to lose high paying jobs to China • “Outsourcing” – Business practice of shipping jobs overseas to cut production costs (Technical Support for Comcast to India…etc.)

  27. Republican Philosophy – “Outsourcing” will lower consumer prices Dirty “industrial” jobs will export our “pollution” to other countries while we replace it with a white collar job that is “cleaner” (Requires College) *Philosophy will ONLY work if business lowers prices instead of keeping bigger profits; also, Americans need to increase their level of education to do that “higher paying” white collar jobs Democratic Philosophy “Outsourcing” helps big business make more profits at the expense of the middle class Prices do not drop as much as they should Product quality suffers because of lack of regulations in other nations (Lead paint in toys from China) Good paying jobs are “lost” to China and replaced with low paying jobs Ex. Steel worker loses his job at $75,000/year Job is replaced by three low level “service jobs” at $23,000/year “Globalization: Good or Bad?”

  28. Step 1: What picture/images do you see?-Literally Step 2: What words give “clues” to the picture’s meaning Step 3: Can you connect the images/words to any events that you know? Step 4: What is the overall message of the picture Step 5: Answer the Question Globalization: What is the artist’s personal feelings about globalization?

  29. Global Trade “Blocs” • Trade Bloc- Trade partnerships formed between multiple nations in a general geographic area (For economic trade and security) • European Union- formed in 1993 by European nations • *Adopted a common currency (Euro) by 2000 (More valuable than U.S. Dollar) • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- Mexico, United States, and Canada-1992 • *Final Provisions went into effect in 2008 • *Many Industrial Jobs have been lost to Mexico where people are willing to work for less and the government is more relaxed in environmental issues

  30. Expanding Global Trade • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)- 1994: Attempted to lower tariffs and open more “free trade” • World Trade Organization- 1995: Replaced GATT • Settles trade disputes between nations • *Many fear that the WTO favors business over environmental concerns and worker rights • *Many fear that a recession/depression in one nation would start a “chain reaction” (2008 U.S. Housing Crash led to a worldwide recession)

  31. Americans on the Global Stage • Under Clinton, Americans tended to favor financial aid to former Soviet Republics, but frowned on any military intervention • 1980s-1991 Somalia- Civil War had created a widespread famine (lack on food) • 1992- United Nations sent in a peacekeeping force that also distributed food • 1994- After an intense firefight in which many international and American troops were killed, the UN began to pull out of Somalia (Black Hawk Down) • Haiti- 1994: After a military coup over threw the President, the U.S. intervened to restore the Democracy

  32. Fighting Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Europe • Ethnic Cleansing- removal of specific ethnic group from a region (through murder and violence) • Balkans- Area of E. Europe, comprised of many different ethnic groups, that were once under Soviet control • Yugoslavia- (Catholic Croatians, Orthodox Serbians, Albanians, Bosnian Muslims, and Ethnic Albanians began to fight) • *Atrocities were committed on all sides • *World was slow to react and hundreds of thousands of people were killed

  33. Galvanizing (Uniting) NATO Forces • 1995-Clinton convinced NATO to start bombing Serbian held areas • Dayton Accords- Set up Bosnia as a “multi-national” city • 1998- Kosovo- Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic – Carried out “ethnic cleansing” by removing Ethnic Albanians from city • *Fighting spread to Macedonia and Albania • *This occurred during Clinton’s impeachment hearings and many accused him of trying to “distract” Americans • *NATO forced Serbia to withdraw and Milosevic was arrested for “crimes against humanity” • *Russia immediately occupied Kosovo in fear that the U.S.- I guess the Cold War is “gone but not forgotten”

  34. America and the Middle East • 1990s- Fighting between Israel and the Palestinians intensified • Trying for Peace in Israel- Oslo, Norway • “Declaration of Principles” 1993 • Palestinians get: Self control of Jericho and the Gaza Strip • *West Bank and Jerusalem still in dispute • 2000: Yasir Arafat- Palestinian Leader • Ehud Barak- Israeli Prime Minister • * Met at Camp David but could not agree

  35. Dealing With Terrorism • 1993: al Qaeda- Terrorist organization (Muslim Extremists) led by Osama Bin Laden (Saudi born; helped push the USSR out of Afghanistan (With CIA Training); offered Saudi Arabia help during Desert Storm but was denied; became enemy of U.S. when troops stayed in Saudi Arabia after First Gulf War • Bomb exploded in basement of World Trade Center (NYC); Six were killed • 1998: Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania- U.S. Embassies Bombed (225 Killed)*Clinton fired rockets at bases in the Sudan but did not invade • 2000: Yemen- USS Cole is bombed; 17 American Sailors Killed

  36. U.S. History 3Chapter 24-4“Into a New Century: 1992-Today” The George W. Bush Presidency

  37. 2000 Presidential Election George W. Bush- Republican Governor of Texas Al Gore- Democrat and Clinton’s Vice President Ralph Nader- Green Party An Election Controversy

  38. A Tight Race • Gore received 500,000 more votes than Bush in the “Popular Vote” But Bush won the “Electoral College” by a 271-266 Margin (270 Needed to win) • Florida- 25 Electoral Votes were in dispute • Bush won Florida by 327 Popular Votes • *Democrats wanted a hand recount • *Republicans sued to stop recounts in Miami-Dade County (High Minority Populations that tend to vote Democrat) • *Ballot confusion caused many to accidentally vote for wrong candidate • Bush v. Gore- Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Bush and he was awarded all 25 Electoral Votes in Florida

  39. Bush inherited a budget surplus from Clinton Bush cut taxes by 1.3 Trillion Dollars Bush created a budget deficit with tax cuts No Child Left Behind- bi-partisan (supported by both major parties) bill aimed at improving education *Schools held accountable by standardized tests (ISTEP) * Under law, failing schools could be taken over by government *Information had to be posted by school districts for parents (test scores) Medicare Reform- Medicare extended to cover drug prescriptions for Seniors http://mustang.doe.state.in.us/SEARCH/snapshot.cfm?schl=3809 Bush Launches an Ambitious Agenda

  40. The United States is Attacked • September 11th, 2001 • Four commercial passenger planes were high jacked by Islamic Terrorists (al Qaeda) • American Airline Flight #11- Hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center at about 8:45am (EST) (92 People On Plane) • United Airline Flight #175- Hit the South Tower of the WTC at 9:03am (EST) (65 People On Plane) • American Airline Flight #77- Hit the Pentagon (Washington D.C./Arlington, VA) at 9:40 am (EST) (64 People On Plane) • United Airline Flight #93- Crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:07 am after passengers attempt to “retake” the plane (44 People On Plane) • 2,977 People (victims) were killed at the WTC and 19 Highjackers were killed

  41. America’s War on Terrorism • Afghanistan- Osama Bin Laden was being protected by the Islamic Extremist Government known as the Taliban • *Bush ordered the Taliban to turn over Bin Laden-they refused • *Bush launched an invasion of Afghanistan (With support of world) • Bush to the world: “You are either with us, or against us” • *Tora Bora- U.S., British, and Afghan rebels trap Bin Laden in a mountainous region on the Pakistan border- Decision is made to let the rebels lead the assault since they are more familiar with area- Bin Laden Escaped and later mentioned incident in video • *Bin Laden believed to be in Pakistan today

  42. Improving National Security • Department of Homeland Security- Cabinet position set up by Bush to handle “internal crisis” that threaten national security • *DHS has prevented about 20 potential terrorist attacks in U.S. since 2001 • Patriot Act- Gave law enforcement “broader” powers to monitor and detect potential terrorists

  43. Launching Operation Iraqi Freedom • 1991-2003: Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein defied U.N. Sanctions numerous times and Iraqi forces consistently fired on U.S. aircraft patrolling the “No Fly” zone set up by the U.N. • Saddam Hussein killed 187,000 Kurdish Civilians with Chemical Weapons between 1986-1988 • Post Gulf War: Hussein killed thousands of Kurds who had rebelled after the Gulf War • Weapons of Mass Destruction- Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons • *Bush thought that Hussein had been developing WMD’s as late as 2001 (It was later proven that most WMD’s were dismantled in the Mid/Late 1990’s) • March 19th, 2003- Bush launches an invasion of Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) • *Public support for war dropped when it was discovered that there were no WMD’s in country • *Hussein’s government collapsed and he was eventually captured, tried, and executed for “crimes against humanity” • *President Obama has promised to end U.S. Operations in Iraq by 2012-2013

  44. Other Issues Faced by Bush • November of 2004; Bush narrowly defeated Mass. Senator John Kerry in the Presidential Election • August 2005: Hurricane Katrina: Gulf Coast • *Bush was criticized heavily for the government’s slow response in aiding poor minority victims • *During a nationally televised fundraiser, outspoken hip hop artist, Kanye West stated: “George Bush doesn’t care about black people” • Bush’s approval rating began to fall • 2008: The economy started to struggle and a “banking crisis” threatened to throw the U.S. into a deep recession or depression

  45. Election of 2008 • 2006: Democrats won back control of the House and Senate in Midterm Elections-Republicans looked vulnerable • Barack Obama- African American (1/2 at least) Illinois Senator who ran on idea of “Change” • Joe Biden- Catholic Senator from Maryland (Obama’s VP Candidate) • John McCain- Popular GOP Senator, Vietnam War Veteran, Former POW, and Arizona Senator who ran as a ”Maverick” (McCain often broke with is party on votes) • Sarah Palin- Alaska Governor (McCain’s VP Candidate) • November, 2008- Obama defeated McCain in a landslide • January 20th, 2009- President Obama is Inaugurated as the first black president of the United States (By Chief Justice John Roberts; who is from LaPorte)

  46. Banking Crisis • Causes: • Banks made “risky” (Sub-prime) loans for homes (0% Down) • Borrowers defaulted on loans when interest rates adjusted • Banks lost money and began to close • *Home values declined and Americans became trapped in “upside down” mortgages (Owed more than “true” value of house) • Housing prices in “inflated” markets- (CA, NV, FL) began to crash when supply of buyers declined • FL 1998- $100,000 House sold for $500,000 by 2007 • *Overproduction of new homes put over 2,000,000 “unoccupied” houses on the market • Predatory Lenders targeted poor, elderly, and minority owners and pushed them into unsafe loans • American ignorance in understanding home equity, interest rates, and loan terms • The Great Recession 2008-2009; Worst economic downturn since the Great Depression (Unemployment grew to almost 12%) • *President Bush Proposed a plan to “inject” billions of dollars into the economy to prevent a depression • *President Obama also supported plan • T.A.R.P. (Troubled Asset Relief Program) • Gave taxpayer money (in the form of loans) to banks and companies that asked • *Many Americans did NOT support plan and began calling it a “bail out”

  47. Health Care Reform • President Obama passed a controversial Health Care Reform Bill through Congress in 2009 • *Bills ‘requires’ ALL citizens to purchase health insurance in the hope of driving down costs • *Republicans argue that the bill gives the government too much power • *Republicans also think the law is “unconstitutional” because of the ‘requirement’ to purchase health insurance • Mitch Daniels- Republican Governor who has joined a class actio lawsuit to sue the Federal Government and get the Health Care Bill Repealed • Taxed Enough Already Party (TEA Party)- Party (Of Conservatives) who fear the health care law will increase taxes and take away personal freedom) (Sarah Palin is seen as leader) • 2010 Midterm Elections- The Tea Party had a huge influence on the Republican Party as it took back control of the House of Representatives

  48. U.S. History 3Chapter 24-5“Into a New Century: 1992-Today” Americans Look to the Future

  49. Immigration Act of 1990- Increased immigration quotas by 40% Today; Immigrants represent 10% of the population (about 30,000,000) By 2050, it is estimated that: 49% = White 25% = Latino 20% = Black 5-10% = Asian Immigrants Shape the Nation

  50. Latinos Exert Their Influence • 2000: 27% of all immigrants were Mexican • 17% from other Latin American nations (44% of all immigrants are Latino) • 1/3 of the populations of TX, CA, AZ, and NM are Latino • *Between 10-20 Million Immigrants are considered “illegal” (Aliens; Undocumented) • 2010: Arizona- passed a controversial immigration law that is very strict at trying to stop the flood of illegal immigrants into the state • *Many critics say that the law is set allow police to “racially profile” Latinos • *Supporters demand that the U.S. Government enforce border security (Minutemen Project) • Eric Holder- Obama’s Attorney General; Has filed a lawsuit against the State of Arizona in regards to immigration law

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