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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Discover the differences between invertebrates and chordates, the two major groups in the animal kingdom. Learn about their characteristics, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, cephalization, types of feeders, digestion, respiration, circulation, response/nervous systems, excretion, reproduction, and movement.

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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

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  1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

  2. Invertebrates vs Chordates • Invertebrates • Includes 95% of animals • Includes 33 Phyla • No vertebral column/backbone • Chordates • Includes 5% of animals • Includes Phylum Chordata • 4 Characteristics (at some point during life) • Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column • Notchord • Tail ext. beyond the anus • Pharyngeal pouches

  3. Symmetry • Body Symmetry • the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged • Asymmetry • no pattern (corals, sponges) • Radial Symmetry • shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) • Bilateral Symmetry • has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

  4. Germ Layers • The blastula develops 3 distinct layers, which become layers in the organism • Ectoderm - outer layer of skin, nervous tissue, sense organs • Endoderm - lining of digestive tract, digestive and respiratory system • Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, excretory system

  5. Body Cavity • Coelom • Fluid filled cavity in the mesoderm that is lined with mesodermal tissues • Pseudocoelom • Partially filled with mesoderm • Acoelomate • Have no bodycavity

  6. Cephalization • Cephalization • an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)

  7. Cephalization Cont. • Anterior - toward the head • Posterior - toward the tail • Dorsal - back side • Ventral - belly side

  8. Types of Feeders • Filter Feeders • Strain food from water • Detritivores • Feed on decaying plants/animals • Carnivores • Eat other animals • Herbivores • Eat plants • Omnivore • Eats both animals and plants • Nutritional Symbionts • Depend on another species

  9. Digestion • Intracellular • Use cells to digest food • Used by less complex animals • Extracullular • Use a digestive system to digest food • Used by more complex animals

  10. Respiration • All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide • Types of Respiration • Skin Respiration – oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse across thin membranes • Gills • Lungs

  11. Circulation • Diffusion • Open • Blood is only partially contained in blood vessels • Closed • Blood is contained within blood vessels

  12. Response/Nervous • Neurons • Nerve cells • Stimulus • Something in the environment that causes neurons to react • Sensory Neurons • Specialized neurons that vary from animal to animal • Response • A reaction to a stimulus

  13. Types of Nervous Systems • Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords & Ganglia • Simple nervous system • Heads • Cephalized animals have grouped neurons that form cerebral ganglia in the head region • Brains • Cerebral ganglia are further organized into a brain

  14. Excretion • Diffusion • Flame cells • Solid waste through anus • Fluid waste through nephridia • Malpighian tubles

  15. Reproduction • Asexual • 1 parent • Benefit: Can reproduce quickly • Drawback: Less genetic diversity • Sexual • 2 parents • Benefit: Increased genetic diversity • Drawbacks: Both genders must be present, takes more time

  16. Movement • Sessile • Cilia • Skeletal – For Support • Hydrostatic: Fluid Filled Cavity • Exoskeleton: External Skeleton • Endoskeleton: Internal Skeleton • Muscles – For Movement

  17. Types

  18. Invertebrates Nematoda

  19. PHYLUM NEMATODA • ROUNDWORMS • 24,773 KNOWN SPECIES • NON-SEGMENTED WORM WITH PSEUDOCOELOM • FIRST ORGANISM WITH MOUTH AND ANUS

  20. Symmetry • Bilateral

  21. FEEDING • Most common groups are bacterial-feeding, fungal-feeder, plant parasite, predators, omnivore or detritivore

  22. CIRCULATION • DIFFUSION into and out of cells- (higher concentration to lower)

  23. EXCRETION • Anus (digestive wastes) or pores (Ammonia waste out pores)

  24. RESPONSE • Central nervous system to detect and react to environment. • Primitive brain called a nerve ring • ganglia

  25. MOVEMENT • Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move • Hydrostatic skeleton

  26. REPRODUCTION • Sexual Reproduction (most have separate male & female) • Internal Fertilization • A few hermaphrodites

  27. RESPIRATION • DIFFUSION through skin (oxygen for burning food and carbon dioxide waste)

  28. Roundworm Examples • Trichinosis-Causing Worms • Cause trichinosis • Live in intestines of host • Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue • Filarial Worms • Line in blood/lymph vessels • Transmitted through biting insects • Cause elephantitis • Ascarid Worms • Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables • Hookworms • Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream • Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

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