Chief Joseph

1. ChiefJoseph I WillFightNo More, Forever Created by Alexine Holmes Meadowbrook Elementary

2. Chief Joseph • Born in the Wallowa Valley in what is now NE Oregon in 1840 • Given the name Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, or Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain, but was widely known as Joseph

3. Chief Joseph • After his father’s death, he became chief of the Nez Percé. • “Nez Percé”, from the French language, means “pierced nose”. • Many members of this tribe pierced their noses.

4. Chief Joseph • In 1863, the federal government took almost six million acres of the Nez Percé’s land. • The U. S. forced them onto a reservation in Idaho that was only one-tenth of their lands’ prior area.

5. Chief Joseph • Joseph resisted. • In 1873, an order to remove white settlers and let his people remain in the Wallowa Valley made it appear that he might be successful. • But the federal government soon reversed itself. • In 1877, General Oliver Otis Howard threatened a cavalry attack to force Joseph's band and other hold-outs onto the reservation. • Joseph reluctantly led his people toward Idaho.

6. Chief Joseph • Several Nez Percé warriors were upset about losing their home. • They attacked and killed several whites. • Joseph did not like war, but supported his tribe.

7. Chief Joseph • Rather than be forced onto the Idaho reservation, Joseph resolved to lead his band to Canada instead. • They had to fight the U. S. Army the whole way, much of it through mountains. • After fighting his way for 1400 miles, he was finally forced to surrender.

8. Chief Joseph The following surrender speech made Chief Joseph a great military leader in the minds of many Americans: “I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say, "Yes" or "No." He who led the young men [Olikut] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are ─perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”

9. Chief Joseph • He surrendered with the understanding that he would be allowed to return home. • Joseph and his people were, instead, taken first to eastern Kansas and then to a reservation in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), where many of them died of epidemic diseases. • In1885, Joseph and the other refugees were finally returned to the Pacific Northwest. • Even then, half of the tribe including Joseph, were taken to a non-Nez Percé reservation in northern Washington, where they were separated from the rest of their people in Idaho as well as their ancestral homeland in the Wallowa Valley.

10. Chief Joseph • In his last years, Joseph spoke eloquently against the injustice of the United States’ policy toward his people but held out the hope that America's promise of freedom and equality might one day be fulfilled for native Americans as well. • He died in 1904, still in exile from his homeland, according to his doctor "of a broken heart."