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Financial Accounting

Financial Accounting. Greg Gleeson, CPA, CFA Chief Operating Officer- GROW Partners, LLC ggleeson@growpartnersllc.com. Why are Financial Statements Importan t ?. Financial Health of Company Track Record of Management Independently Audited & Objective

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Financial Accounting

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  1. Financial Accounting Greg Gleeson, CPA, CFA Chief Operating Officer- GROW Partners, LLC ggleeson@growpartnersllc.com

  2. Why are Financial Statements Important? • Financial Health of Company • Track Record of Management • Independently Audited & Objective • Ease of Comparison Across Companies • Valuation of Company • Starting point for all Financial Analysis

  3. Why are Financial Statements Limited? • Backward Looking • Highly Summarized • Accrual Basis • Non Cash Items (“Stock Options”) • Subjective “One-Time” Charges • Accounting Elections can Make Comparisons Difficult

  4. Do you need CPA to Review and Understand Financial Statements? • Financial Data Providers have Distilled (Bloomberg, Factset, Reuters) many important facts • Financial Ratios provide important information and details, without having to read financials themselves • There are many analysts out there who review info for you …however… • Strong fundamental research requires in-depth review/knowledge of accounting • Ability to review/examine/digest financial statements is a growing area of need in money management (e.g., forensic accounting research, fraud specialization)

  5. Financial Statement Components • Auditors Report • Must read, if other than unqualified, look out! • Balance Sheet • The net worth of the company at a point in time • Income Statement • The results of operations for a period of time (accrual basis) • Statement of Cash Flows • Operations on a cash basis, plus other changes in cash • Statement of Changes in Equity & Retained Earnings • Did company issue equity/debt, at what price? • Footnotes • Must read, the only color in the report (which is audited)

  6. Auditors Report • Was an Audit Even Done? • Audit is different from an compilation, examination/attestation, agreed upon procedures, or other reports • Who are the Auditors? • Are they national/reputable? PCAOB? • Was it Prepared in Accordance with GAAP? • Is the Report Unqualified (i.e., Clean) • Is the report Qualified • Why? Read very carefully! • Has the Firm Changed Audit Firms in Recent Years?

  7. Balance Sheet • Assets • Is it a company spinning of cash or burning cash? • Is it a company that is capitally intensive? • Is it a company that holds inventory? How old is inventory? Accounting? • Is it a company that holds intangibles? • Liabilities • Can the company pay their bills? • Does the company have long term debt? Interest rate sensitive? • Does the company have unionize labor? Long term liabilities? • Are their contingencies on the books? Why? • Equity • Who bought equity at what price? • Are the senior equity or debt holders ahead of you? • Why is company raising capital? • Can the company pay a dividend?

  8. Income Statement • Revenues • What is the revenue recognition policy? • How do they collect their revenues? • Does the company offer terms “Accounts Receivable”? • How does company account for “Cost-of-Goods Sold”? LIFO/FIFO? • Expenses • What is in G&A? Is it tight-ship? • What are cash versus non-cash expenses (such as depreciation, stock options)? • How levered is the business model? • Other (One-time) • Why does the company have one-time charges? • Are “one-time” charges routine at this company?

  9. Statement of Cash Flows • Cash Flow From Operations • Translates Accrual Basis to Cash Basis • Eliminates “Non Cash” items such as depreciation, unrealized gains or losses • Gives a better estimate of what the company is generating on operating basis • Cash Flow from Investing Activities • Accounts for “big ticket” items that are typically capitalized • Shows you what the company is really spending on equipment and long lived items • Gives you an idea of how successful the company is at selling equipment • Cash From Financing Activities • Shows the sources of capital raising activities during the period • Shows distributions to shareholders

  10. Statement of Changes in Equity & Retained Earnings: • Drills Down the Equity Section of the Balance Sheet • Shows the net income that made it to shareholders • Show new issuances of stock, amounts, and price • Shows retirement of stock, amounts, and price • Shows distribution of earnings to shareholders • Shows conversions of debt to equity

  11. Footnotes: Devil’s in the Details… • “Minimum” Color Required by GAAP • Audited • Provides Critical Information to Understand Financial Statements Such As: • Earnings-per-share • Details of taxes provisions • Details of pension obligations • Valuation of Investments such as derivatives • Off balance sheet items, contingencies

  12. Ratios: Accounting Shorthand • Reader’s Digest of Financial Statements • Derived from Financial Statements but Audited • Objective view. However, Subjective to Accounting Distortions • Allows for Quick Comparisons against Prior Periods and Peers • Allows Stock Pickers to Screen Companies Quickly • Widely Used Ratios can Measure Many Dimensions of Financial Reporting: • Valuation: P/E, P/S, P/B • Profitability: Margin %, ROA, ROE • Efficiency: Rev/Employee; A/R Turnover • Liquidity: Current Ratio, Quick Ratio • Credit: Debt/Equity; Debt/Earnings

  13. Other Information: MD&A • Additional Color Provided by Management • Can be Forward Looking • Unaudited • Can Highlight Items Not in the Financial Statements

  14. Case Study: Cisco (CSCO)

  15. Case Study: Cisco - Balance Sheet Almost $49B in Cash and Growing Low A/R (falling) Leases (increasing) Purchased Companies in Past Took Cash, Haven’t Booked Revs 25% of Company Leveraged Cumulatively, Have Been Profitable Has Healthy Equity

  16. Case Study: Cisco – Income Statement Grew 12% over past 3 years Grew 24% over past 3 years Grew 10% over past 3 years Grew 10% over past 3 years Grew 3.5% over past 3 years Grew 10% over past 3 years Starting Paying Dividend

  17. Case Study: Cisco – Stmt of Cash Flow Collecting Faster than in Past Extending more Credit (leases) More Profitable than P&L Shows Stopped Buying Companies Slowed down Purchasing Own Stock Increasing Dividend

  18. Case Study: Cisco – Footnotes (40 pages worth) Leases grew by 9.5% in 1 year, Faster than revenues…. Past Due Increased by 43% in 1 year

  19. Case Study: Cisco – MD&A (Un-Audited) Provides warning about When Revenues Booked

  20. Case Study: Cisco – Ratios (Un-Audited)

  21. Cisco- Accounting Observations • Generally…Low Valuation in Relation to Other Large Companies • Cash Cow …However… • Earnings Not Growing Very Fast • Net Margins are Not Terrific • Their Cash Flow May decline it they Continue to Lease • Don’t seem to know what to do with their Cash

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