Prenatal Development

1. Prenatal Development

2. Conception for Dummies … • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFrVmDgh4v4

3. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Prenatal Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • As with all life stages, the rate of prenataldevelopment varies slightly from one person to another. • The foundation for lifelong development starts at conception. • The most rapid period of human physical development occurs in the womb. • Proper prenatal care is essential.

4. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Prenatal Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Factors that contribute to prenatal development: • mother’s nutrition, age, mental health, level of exercise, amount of sleep, intake of vitamins and minerals • mother’s use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs • genetic or inherited conditions

5. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Prenatal Development Prenatal development includes three distinct stages: Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Month 1: the zygote stage (2 weeks) • Month 2: the embryo stage (6 weeks) • Month 3 through birth: the fetus stage (32 weeks)

6. Trimesters • 1st Trimester: Weeks 1 – 12 • 2nd Trimester: Weeks 13 – 27 • 3rd Trimester: Weeks 28 – 40

7. Month 1 • Zygote/Germinal Stage (Weeks 1 – 2 ) • Formation of the Umbilical Cord • Size of Pinhead at 2 weeks • Start of Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3 – 8) • Internal organs and circulatory system begin to form. • Tubular heart begins to beat at 28 days • “Limb Buds” start to form

8. Month 2 • Embryo Stage (weeks 3 – 8) • About ¼ inch long at beginning of month • Face, eyes, ears, and limbs take shape • Cartilage is replaced by bones

9. Month 3 • Fetal Stage (weeks 9-40) • About 1 inch long • Nostrils, mouth, lips, teeth buds, and eyelids form, • Fingers and toes are almost complete • All organs are present, but immature • 2 ½ - 3 inches at end of month

10. Month 4 • Fetal Stage • About 3-4 inches long, 1 ounce • Can suck thumb, swallow, hiccup Facial features become clearer • Lanugo is forming • Can identify the gender around week 16 • Mother will feel movements: quickening

11. Month 5 • Fetal Stage • About 6 ½ - 7 inches, 4-5 ounces • Hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows appear • Teeth continue to develop • Organs mature

12. Month 6 • About 8-10 inches, 8-12 ounces • Fat deposits are under skin, fetus appears wrinkled • Breathing movements begin

13. Month 7 • About 10-12 inches long, 1 ½ - 2 pounds • Period of activity, followed by rest • Age of Viability reached at 28 weeks

14. Month 8 • About 14-16 inches long, 2 ½ - 3 pounds • Weight gain, rapidly • May react to loud noises • Fetus should shift in preparation for birth

15. Month 9 • About 17-18 inches, 5-6 pounds • Weight gain until the week of birth • Skin becomes smooth • Running out of room! (less movement) • Acquires disease-fighting antibodies • Descends into pelvis

17. Stop Here!

18. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Early Brain Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • The foundation for all future development is formed during the first year of life. • Learning pathways are created in the brain when caregivers respond to infants appropriately. • Infant brains are responsive to positive experiences and vulnerable to negative experiences.

19. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Very young infants sleep up to 17 hours a day and need frequent feedings to provide the energy needed for rapid growth. • The average newborn weighs 6–10 pounds and is around 20 inches long. • Fontanels allow for the growth of the brain. These open spaces in the skull are usually closed by 18 months of age.

20. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Putting something in an infant’s mouth triggers her sucking reflex and allows her to feed. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development reflex Instinctive, involuntary bodily reaction to a stimulus such as a noise or a touch.

21. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Infants are born with these reflexes: Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Moro or “startle” reflex • Rooting reflex • Sucking reflex • Grasping reflex • Babinski reflex • Movement reflexes

22. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Sensory Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Infants are born with all five senses. • Vision is not clear at birth but improves within weeks. • Infants can sense differences in taste, smell, and texture.

23. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Although every individual develops at his or her own rate, the stages of development follow a predictable sequence for everyone. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development sequence Order of events.

24. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Climbing up a step is a perceptualmotorskill because the child must see the step, judge the height, and lift his hands and knees. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development perceptual motor skills Skills that require the coordination of vision, intellect, and movement.

25. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Caregivers can influence eye-handcoordination by using toys and activities to encourage infants to move, to reach, and to grasp. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development eye-hand coordination The ability to move the hands and fingers precisely in relation to what is seen.

26. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Physical Development Motor Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Infants are completely dependent on others. • Physical strength and movement improve quickly. • Muscular development follows a predictable sequence. • Physical and intellectual development leads to perceptual motor skills. • Infants begin to develop eye-hand coordination around three or four months of age.

27. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Intellectual Development During the sensorimotorperiod, infants and young toddlers learn by using their senses and motor abilities to gain information about the world. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development sensorimotor period The period from birth to age two years during which infants develop their intellect.

28. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Intellectual Development After objectpermanence develops, a child will deliberately remove a blanket to uncover a toy he knows is hidden beneath it. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development object permanence The understanding that an object continues to exist even when out of sight.

29. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Intellectual Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • During the sensorimotor period from birth to age two years, children learn through sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound. • Around nine months, most children acquire object permanence. • As intellect increases, children begin to analyze, to make associations, and to form predictions.

30. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Intellectual Development When adults respond to vocalizations, infants begin to learn that their wants and needs can be expressed through language. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development vocalizations Sounds that imitate adult language.

31. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Intellectual Development Language Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Children understand language long before they can speak well. • Children make vocalizations before they speak understandable language.

32. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Emotional Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Infants experience fear, discomfort, and happiness. • As they develop, children experience excitement, joy, frustration, and anger. • Language skills make emotions easier to identify and to manage.

33. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Emotional Development Attachmentbehavior, such as smiling and babbling with delight, is a sign that bonding has occurred. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development attachment behavior When an infant shows signs of pleasure when a preferred person appears and signs of distress when that person leaves.

34. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Emotional Development Bonding and Attachment Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Bonding is forming a strong attachment to, and preference for, a specific person. • Children develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on the quality of early experiences with care providers. • A sign that bonding has occurred is attachment behavior.

35. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Emotional Development Personality Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Influences on personality include • inherited traits. • environment. • reactions from care providers. • interactions with people. • temperament.

36. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Social Development Because infants are egocentric, it is impossible for them to understand how anyone else thinks or feels. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development egocentric Seeing everything only from one’s own point of view.

37. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Social Development Emotional development is linked to the process of growing beyond egocentrism. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development process Series of changes.

38. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development SocialDevelopment To help reduce strangeranxiety, parents should avoid placing an infant in a new child care center between 8 and 15 months. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development stranger anxiety An infant’s fear of unfamiliar people.

39. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Social Development Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Children are egocentric during the first year of life. • When infants learn to trust caregivers, they learn to value social relationships. • Stranger anxiety is common in children who are developing object permanence.

40. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Managing Infant Programs Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • There is a great demand for high-quality infant care services. • Parents may want to compare their options for child care. • Excelling at the basics of infant care could put a program at the top of a parent’s list of options.

41. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Infant Care Basics Helping Infants Rest Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Sleep is essential for an infant’s growth, development, and brain function. • Caregivers may have to adjust an infant’s daily sleep routine to help support the family changes. • An infant’s safety must be monitored even while sleeping.

42. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development How Much Do Babies Sleep? Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development

43. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Infant Care Basics Diapering Infants Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Change soiled diapers promptly for health, cleanliness, and comfort. • Use diapering time to name baby’s body parts, to sing songs, or to tell nursery rhymes. • Follow established guidelines for safe and sanitary diapering.

44. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Infant Care Basics Feeding Infants Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Most babies under the age of six months eat only breast milk or formula. • Record foods and quantities eaten at each feeding for parents’ review. • Never warm a bottle in a microwave, and always test the temperature before feeding. • A predictable feeding routine helps build trust and attachment between caregiver and baby.

45. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Staff Responsibilities Infant caregivers must Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • be warm, gentle, and responsive to development. • relate to and understand infants’ needs and feelings. • understand each child’s unique temperament. • respect each family’s cultural beliefs and traditions.

46. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development StaffResponsibilities Attention to Emerging Skills Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Praise each new accomplishment of an infant with enthusiasm. • Look for delays in development that may need extra attention. • Avoid presenting too many new activities to infants all at once.

47. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Staff Responsibilities Interpret Infant Cues Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Prompt response to an infant’s cry reinforces feelings of trust. • When an infant cries, assess whether a basic need must be met. • With experience, caregivers learn to recognize the cries of infants. • Never shake infants to get their attention or to attempt to control them.

48. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Staff Responsibilities Observing and Recording Behavior Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Careful observation and recording of behavior is necessary for monitoring children’s well-being and development. • Observing and recording early behaviors may uncover developmental issues.

49. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Management Responsibilities Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development • Detailed records must be maintained daily. • Activities planned for and conducted with children must be recorded. • Child care professionals must also manage classroom resources. • Directors must ensure that infant care staff have the appropriate materials for a sanitary infant environment.

50. Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development Program Components When staff turnover is high, infants do not have a chance to bond with one caregiver. Child Care Today,Chapter 14: Nurturing Infant Development staff turnover The rate at which employees leave their jobs, creating the need for hiring new employees.