Technological Innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution

1. The Second Industrial Revolution • The Big Idea • The Second Industrial Revolution led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication. • Main Ideas • Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. • Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. • A rush of inventions changed Americans’ lives.

2. Main Idea 1: Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. • Technological advances were important to SecondIndustrialRevolution, period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s • Bessemerprocess, invented mid-1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply. • Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879 • As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction. • Growth of railroads helped the country expand and prosper.

3. Main Idea 2: Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. • Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s. • Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil. • A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

4. Development of Electricity • Spread • Edison created a power company to distribute electricity, but could not send it over long distances. • George Westinghouse built a power system that could send electricity many miles across the country. • Invention • Inventor ThomasEdison, who held more than 1,000 patents, worked to invent an electric light. • Edison and his team introduced the first practical electric light bulb in 1879.

5. Main Idea 3: A rush of inventions changed Americans’ lives. • New telegraph technology connected the United States with Britain by cable in 1866. • AlexanderGrahamBell patented the telephone in 1876. • Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900.

6. Automobiles and Planes • The automobile industry grew in steps. • 1876 – German engineer invented the gasoline-powered engine. • 1893 – The United States built its first practical motorcar. • 1908 – HenryFord introduced the Model T. • Ford was first to implement the moving assembly line in manufacturing, making cars more affordable. • Wilburand OrvilleWright invented an airplane powered by a gas engine in 1903.

7. Big Business • The Big Idea • The growth of big business in the late 1800s led to the creation of monopolies. • Main Ideas • The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States. • People and the government began to question the methods of big business.

8. Main Idea 1: The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States. • Many entrepreneurs formed their businesses in the late 1800s as corporations, orbusinesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. • Corporate leaders were some of the most widely respected members of American society. • Successful corporations rewarded not only the people who founded them, but also investors who held stock. • Corporations encouraged more investment in businesses because stockholders could sell stock whenever they wanted.

9. Business Leaders • Leland Stanford • Made fortune selling equipment to miners • Governor of California, one of founders of Central Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford University John D. Rockefeller • Standard Oil Company was country’s largest refinery • Developed horizontalintegration, owning all businesses in a field • Formed a trust, grouping many companies under a single board • Andrew Carnegie • One of most admired businesspeople of the time • Focused on steelmaking • Used verticalintegration,owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs

10. Main Idea 2: People and the government began to question the methods of big business. • People and the government began to view big business as a problem in the late 1800s. • Concerned about child labor, low wages, and poor working conditions • Many business leaders believed in socialDarwinism. • Darwin’s “survival of fittest” applied to which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general. • Other business leaders believed that the rich should help the poor. • Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford, and other business leaders gave away large sums of money to charities.

11. The Antitrust Movement • Critics said many businesses earned their fortunes through unfair business practices. • Used size and strength to drive smaller competitors out of business • Powerful trusts sold goods and services below market value until smaller competitors went out of business, then raised prices. • Some people were concerned when a trust gained a monopoly, or total ownership of a product or service. • The ShermanAntitrustAct passed in 1890 made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. • The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce. • Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size and power.

12. Industrial Workers • The Big Idea • Changes in the workplace led to a rise in labor unions and workers’ strikes. • Main Ideas • The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions. • Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay. • Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.

13. Main Idea 1: The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions. • Several factors led to a decline in the quality of working conditions in the late 1800s. • Machines and unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople. • These low-paid workers could easily be replaced. They brought costs down and caused production to rise. • FrederickW.Taylor,an efficiency expert, published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1909. • Encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts • Injuries increased, and conditions worsened. • Workers looked for ways to bring about change.

14. Poor Working Conditions • Small, crowded rooms • Specialization made workers tired, bored, and more likely to be injured. • Managers paid less attention to working conditions. • Stuffy air • Unsafe workplaces • Long hours • Low wages • No job security

15. Main Idea 2: Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay. • Knights of Labor • First national labor union, founded in 1870s • Pushed for eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor • Included both skilled and unskilled workers • Terence V. Powderly became leader in 1879 and ended secrecy of organization. • American Federation of Labor • Organized individual national unions, such as mine-workers’ and steelworkers’ unions • Limited membership to skilled workers • Used collectivebargaining, in which all workers acted collectively, or together, to negotiate with management

16. Main Idea 3: Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals. • Pullman Strike • Began with workers who made Pullman train cars • Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars • Federal troops stopped strike. • Haymarket Riot • Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago • Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor Homestead Strike • Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania. • Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead.

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