GRADUATION TEST REVIEW

1. GRADUATION TEST REVIEW PEOPLE

2. Explorer • Looking for Northwest Passage • Found West Indies (Caribbean Islands) and “New World” • Columbian Exchange

3. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

4. Idea of “natural rights”  “life, liberty, and property” • Inalienable Rights • Ideas are used by Thomas Jefferson in Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson’s use of his ideas of natural rights • “life, liberty, and property” to “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” • government derives its “just powers from the consent of the government” • “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” • Endowed  given • Unalienable  basic rights that can not be taken away

5. JOHN LOCKE

6. Diplomat (Ambassador) to France • Creates a great relationship with France • Main reason France helps U.S. during American Revolution

7. BEN FRANKLIN

8. Led a rebellion in Virginia • first rebellion in American Colonies • poor whites and slaves joined together to go against rich whites who were not protecting colonists from Native American raids • Result • rich whites scared of poor whites and slaves joining together • harsher laws towards Native Americans and slavery

9. NATHANIEL BACON

10. Wrote pamphlet called Common Sense • had themes of Enlightenment • Used every day, normal language  “plain language” • Encouraged colonists to go against King • Wanted independence from Britain • Gave reasons why to break away • economic  money • Social  people • Moral • People should have freedom • people started reading and passing them around • more people started reading • more people started agree with his ideas

11. THOMAS PAINE

12. Philosopher • Idea of separation of powers • Idea was used in Constitution

13. MONTESQUIEU

14. French General who helped America during American Revolution • Played a huge role in the strategy of winning at the Battle of Yorktown

15. LAFAYETTE

16. Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army • extraordinary leadership skills • reorganized army • secured additional equipment and supplies • started training soldiers to become a “professional army”

17. GEORGE WASHINGTON

18. Crossing the Delaware” River • Washington surprise attacked British soldiers • Ga. DOE says it is “the turning point of the war” • Proved Americans could fight as well as Europeans • Boosted morale

19. BATTLE OF TRENTON

20. British General Cornwallis surrenders George Washington • French navy uses blockade on coast; Washington and French General Lafayette surrounds Cornwallis on land • Geography of Lafayette, Washington, and Cornwallis • Triangular trap

21. BATTLE OF YORKTOWN

22. British general who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown to end American Revolution • French navy uses blockade on coast; Washington and French General Lafayette surrounds him on land • Triangular trap

23. CORNWALLIS

24. Leader of a rebellion in Massachusetts. • Farmers who were in debt tried to obtain weapons • Showed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation • especially the national govt. inability to tax • Forced the government to change the constitution/Articles of Confederation

25. DANIEL SHAYS

26. George Washington’s Secretary of Treasury • Helped create political parties after Washington’s Farewell Address (after he left office) • Was a Federalist  wanted a strong national government and supported the ratification of the Constitution • Helped write The Federalist • Pamphlet written by Federalists (this man & James Madison) • explained what and how the Constitution would work • Informed citizens of the benefits of a union between states • Development of political parties (this man, on the Federalist side) • Two party System • Today – Democrats and Republicans • Early 1800’s • Federalists • Want a strong central government • Democratic-Republicans • later called Republicans • NO RELATION TO TODAY’S REPUBLICANS • Wanted strong state governments

27. ALEXANDER HAMILTON

28. Author of Constitution  “father of the Constitution” • Was a Federalist  Wanted a strong central government • Federalists  wanted the Constitution • wrote Federalist Papers • The Federalist • Pamphlet written by Federalists (Alexander Hamilton & this man) • explained what and how the Constitution would work • Informed citizens of the benefits of a union between states

29. JAMES MADISON

30. 1st President • Everything he does sets the “tone/example” for others to follow -- he sets the precedent • Whiskey Rebellion • Tax on whiskey that upset farmers; Farmers rebelled • 1st time American troops were used against American citizens • French Revolution (Reign of Terror) • Rebellion against the French government • France vs. France • France asks U.S. for help • says no • Issues Proclamation of Neutrality • U.S. is going to remain neutral (not get into it) • His reasons  country is too young/new and poor • Upset France due to their help in the American Revolution • Led to the rise of Napoleon taking over France • Farewell Address • Sets precedent of serving 2 terms (everyone follows his lead except FDR in 1930s-1940s) • Gives two warnings • Don’t break into political parties • Alexander Hamilton • Don’t sign any permanent treaties to pull us into war

31. GEORGE WASHINGTON

32. Stayed neutral during issues with France • Proclamation of Neutrality • XYZ Affair • Situation with France; bad relations with France • development of a navy

33. JOHN ADAMS

34. Bought the Louisiana Purchase from France • France’s leader – Napoleon

35. THOMAS JEFFERSON

36. Explored the Louisiana Purchase • Mainly traveled along rivers • Wrote journals and came back with knowledge/experience/etc. • Received help from Sacajawea • Explored Louisiana Purchase with help of Sacagawea • Kept journals, logs, etc. – valuable knowledge and information over land

37. LEWIS AND CLARK

38. Monroe Doctrine  speech/letter sent to Europe • You stay out of North America and we’ll stay out of Europe • If you come over here – war • Monroe Doctrine  Speech/document made by Pres. Monroe to Europe; “you stay out of our business and we’ll stay out of yours”; do not colonize in Americas

39. JAMES MONROE

40. Cotton gin • Mostly affected the South • Increased the need for slaves • Interchangeable parts

41. ELI WHITNEY

42. Woman who spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention • Encouraged and wanted women’s rights; mainly women’s suffrage • Suffrage  the right to vote • Did not get any

43. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

44. Election of 1824  lost electoral college vote but won the popular vote • Democrats political party formed • As President (from Ga DOE) • Expanding suffrage • Suffrage  right to vote • More white males are allowed to vote • Rise of popular political culture • first Presidential campaign rallies and barbecues • first “mudslinging” of opponents • first use of posters, buttons, etc. for campaigns • American nationalism • “The Common Man” President • Trail of Tears  harsh journey forced upon Native Americans; sent to Oklahoma • Pet Banks  state-owned banks • Spoils System  process of putting friends and family in government positions • Time period afterwards  Era of Good Feelings

45. ANDREW JACKSON

46. Abolitionist; white man • Founder/author of the newspaper The Liberator • Liberty = freedom

47. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

48. Abolitionist • fugitive slave from Maryland • gave speeches and wrote newspaper articles about life as a slave

49. FREDERICK DOUGLASS

50. Led the Nullification Crisis • Nullification Theory • S.C. did not want to pay the tariff that had been put on goods; therefore, they said that since the states are sovereign (have supreme power), they should be able to nullify (void) the law • S.C. said if the federal government didn’t take away the tariff – they would secede (leave the Union) • State wording: • Shows the emergence of states’ rights ideology the idea that the states should have more power than the national government • Shows the development of sectionalism