Reigate Grammar School ACP 34 V1 – Airmanship I Learning Objectives

1. Reigate Grammar SchoolACP 34 V1 – Airmanship ILearning Objectives • Chapter 1 - Airfields • Identify the features and facilities found on an Airfield • List and compare the 3 main airfield types • State how airfield runways are aligned • State the significance of the two digit numbers found on the ends of runway • Name the main features of a modern “Main Instrument Runway” type airfield • State the main function of a RHAG and what the abbreviation stands for • Identify and state the functions of the following facilities: • Overrun Areas • Arrester Barriers • ORPs • ASPs • Taxiway • Dispersals • Windsocks • Airfield identifying letters • Explain how hazards such as specialist vehicles are identified on an airfield • State the function of Approach Lighting

2. Airmanship 1 Airfields Airfield- an area including buildings and support installations used for the accommodation, take-off and landing of aircraft. Airport – an airfields with added facilities for freight and passengers Aircraft manoeuvring areas – parts of the airfield which have specially prepared for the movement of aircraft on the ground ( taxiways, runways, aircraftservicing platforms.

3. The wind direction and length of runway are important Present trend – one long runway or at most 2, with longer one being designated the ‘main instrument runway’ (in line with prevailing wind, lighting, radio installations and safety equipment) 3 types or Airfields Basic Grass Airfield Triangular patterned runway Modern main instrument runway Layout of an Airfield

4. Figure 1.1

5. Construction – concrete or layers of asphalt Dimensions – vary according to role Typical RAF airfield – 45 m wide and 1.8 km long or more) Subsidiary runways – same width but not as long For Transport aircraft to operate 60 m wide 2.7 km long Runways

6. Fig 1-2

7. Colour Taxiways–yellow markings Runway Numbers The number indicates the magnetic headings of the runway direction (nearest 10 ) Examples 238– runway No. 24 058 – runway no. 06 The magnetic heading is taken from the direction of approach. Therefore the heading for one end of the runway is 180 different from the other Markings Runways – white markings

8. Fig 1-2

9. Threshold Markings Runway threshold- longitudinal white lines painted symmetrically about the runway centre-line Chevrons and a bar are added when threshold is moved up runway because of obstruction. Therefore aircraft are at safe height when it crosses obstruction Beginning of runway before the threshold markings is known as the ‘sterile area’ Centre-Line and Side-Stripe markings Indicated as a broken white line (arrowheads in the sterile area) Side-stripe markings are added to runways which have little contrast between the runway and the surrounding area Markings

10. Arrester Gear Brings aircraft to a stop in a short distance Aircraft needs a hook to engage cables RAF use RHAG – Rotary Hydraulic Arrester Gear – large paddles rotating in liquid Over-Run Areas and Arrester Barriers Where space permits Over-run areas, clear of obstacles and with a reasonably even surface Can also have barriers consisting of large strong nets made of nylon rope which can be raised and lowered

11. Operational Readiness Platforms Specially prepared areas (for fighters and strike aircraft) built alongside the end of a runway Used for parking aircraft for rapid take-off (‘scramble’)or for final flight preparation Dispersal Hardstandings The aim is to spread the aircraft around the airfield, to make it more difficult for enemy aircraft to damage or destroy all the parked aircraft during an attack

12. Aircraft Servicing Platforms (ASPs) Large paved areas for the servicing and turn-around of aircraft. Taxiways Connect all the various parts of the aircraft manoeuvring area and enable aircraft to move about easily (minimum of 15m wide)

13. Taxiway markings • Centre line- broken yellow line • Edge marking – dashed yellow line - where there is little contrast between the taxiway and the surrounding area • Holding position- At a junction of a taxiway with a runway, taxiing aircraft are required to ‘hold’ until it is safe to move onto the runway. Indicated by two yellow lines, one solid and one broken. It is painted at right angles to the taxiways centre line and 70m from the nearest edge of the runway. The holding position sign displays the runway number in black on a yellow background (old) or white on a red background (new)

15. Windsock Normally there are two or more windsocks on an airfield to provide a quick and easy way of indicating wind direction Positioned away from trees and buildings which may cause local wind turbulence The principle windsock has a white ring round its base Obstructions May be permanent (building) or temporary (mechanical digger) Clearly marked by day and night Vehicles may be painted with red and white squares and have yellow roofs or be equipped with a flashing amber or blue lights

16. Airfield Identification Each airfield is identified by means of two letters. (i.e SY for Shawsbury) Displayed in a ‘signal square’ close to the ATC tower Identification beacons flash the same letters in Morse Code Airfield lighting Lights are designed to assist pilots to taxi aircraft safely and to take-off and land on the runway in use Many of the lights will be hooded so that they can only be seen from a certain angle.

17. Location and Types of Lighting • The main types of lighting are: • Airfield Identification Beacon- flashed the airfield identification letters in Morse code using a high intensity red light. • Obstruction Lights – All high buildings, towers, hangers, both on and in the vicinity of the airfield, are marked by red obstruction lights • Flood lighting- ASPs are often lit by powerful flood lights set on pylons • Holding position – these signs are illuminated at night by their own internal lighting • Taxiway Lights – less than 18m wide, marked by blue edge lights along each side- 18m or more are marked only along the centre line and the lights are green

18. Approach Lighting

19. Location and Types of Lighting • Approach lighting- installed outside the airfield boundary and often set on poles, to form a special pattern (see picture) This pattern helps the pilot judge the aircraft’s height and to line up with the runway on the approach to land. In poor visibility or a night it helps the pilot to find the approach path visually towards the end of a radio or radar-controlled approach. • Threshold lights- marked by a row of green lights across the runway at the touchdown end. Plus ‘wings’ of three green lights on each side of the runway. ‘wings’ are omitted if the threshold is displaced up the runway. • Runway lights- Main runway have high-intensity unidirectional edge lights. Plus come omnidirectional edge lights to help pilots in the circuit judge their position.

20. Sample questions

22. Answers

23. Chapter 2 – The Tutor • 2.1 Name the units which operate the Grob Tutor aircraft for Air Cadet • 2.2 Describe the Tutor’s basic configuration • 2.3 Describe the materials covering the surfaces • 2.4 Name the engine and the type and amount of the fuel used in the Tutor • 2.5 Explain the starting method used with this engine • 2.6 Explain the need for entering the aircraft using the walking strips • 2.7 Name the 6 basic aircraft instruments • 2.8 Identify and explain the function of the aircraft primary flying controls • 2.9 Name the 3 basic engine instruments • 2.10 Identify and explain the function of the engine controls

24. The Tutor • We fly at 6AEF – air experience flight at RAF Benson • AEFs are equipped with GROB Tutor aircraft • They are single engined, low winged monoplanes. • They hold 33 gallons of aviation gasoline in two tanks in the wings (2 ½ flying hours) (some fast jets use this amount of fuel taxiing to the end of the runway) • They are equipped with a 180 hp Lycoming engine and can fly at a maximum of 185 kts

26. Other features • Steerable nose wheel – brakes are on the two main wheels • Side-by side seating with dual controls- pilot/cadet can have full control – cadets are in the left seat • Body made of carbon reinforced plastic- must walk of the marked ‘walking strip’ provided (on wing)

27. Other features • 2 radios - air- to - ground - air- to - air • One UHF and one VHF band DO NOT INTERFERE WITH ANY SETTINGS TOUCH NOTHING IN THE COCKPIT

30. ‘Instruments’ – indicate what the aircraft is doing

34. ‘Controls’ – used to manoeuvre the aircraft

36. Engine Instruments

38. Engine Controls

40. Other Controls

41. Sample Questions

44. Answers

45. Chapter 3 – Pre-flight briefing – Air Experience Flying in Tutors • 3.1 Understand the purpose and importance of the pre-flight briefing • 3.2 Understand the importance of awareness and lookout on the airfield • 3.3 State the initial aim of Air Experience Flying (AEF) • 3.4 Describe how to fit adjust and release the parachute • 3.5 Describe the Life Preserver and its contents • 3.6 Describe how to operate the Aircraft safety harness • 3.7 State the actions to be taken in an emergency • 3.8 State the actions to be taken when the order “JUMP JUMP” is given • 3.9 Understand the importance of checking for foreign object • 3.10 State when a cadet is permitted to touch/operate any controls or equipment in the aircraft • 3.11 Understand the dangers associated with aircraft propellers • 3.12 State the actions to be taken if a cadet has any cold or flu like symptoms

46. Pre-flight Briefing • A successful flight is dependent on preparation by the captain and crew before take-off. • They must understand the objective of the flight in order to make it safe and efficient. • A Nimrod brief many take many hours, whereas a short flight in a simple aircraft in a local area, would only require a short brief.

47. Your Responsibility • To learn about Airfields and Instruments/Controls in the Tutor • To listen carefully to the film before your flight • Stay in party and keep a look out.

48. Your Briefing at AEF • The aim of the exercise • Fitting and operation of parachutes • Fitting and operation of protective helmet • Fitting and operation of aircraft safety harness • Checking for loose articles • Action to be taken in an emergency – abandoning aircraft • Can/Cannot touch in Aircraft • Basic Operation of aircraft radio • The local flying area • Weather conditions • Precaution of the ground in aircraft manoeuvring area • Medical aspects of flying

49. Aim of the exercise • Initially - to introduce you to the aircraft and familiarise you with the cockpit environment • Effect of some of the aircraft controls • May have a chance to fly the aircraft • As experience is gained – other aspects will be introduced, such as turning and aerobatics