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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Contingency Approaches. Chapter Objectives. Understand how leadership is often contingent on people and situations. Apply Fiedler’s contingency model to key relationships among leader style, situational favorability, and group task performance.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Contingency Approaches

  2. Chapter Objectives • Understand how leadership is often contingent on people and situations. • Apply Fiedler’s contingency model to key relationships among leader style, situational favorability, and group task performance. • Apply Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory of leader style to the level of follower readiness. • Explain the path-goal theory of leadership. • Use the Vroom-Jago model to identify the correct amount of follower participation in specific decision situations. • Know how to use the power of situational variables to substitute for or neutralize the need for leadership.

  3. Ex. 3.1 Comparing the Universalistic and Contingency Approaches to Leadership Outcomes (Performance, satisfaction, etc.) Leadership Traits/behaviors Universalistic Approach Leader Style Traits Behavior Position Contingency Approach Outcomes (Performance, satisfaction, etc.) Needs Maturity Training Cohesion Task Structure Systems Env. Situation Followers

  4. Contingency Approaches Contingency approaches: approaches that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively Fiedler’s contingency model: a model designed to diagnose whether a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented and match leader style to the situation

  5. Ex. 3.2 Metacategories of Leader Behavior and Four Leader Styles High High Task-Low Relationship High Task-High Relationship TASK BEHAVIOR Low Task-Low Relationship High Relationship -Low Task Low RELATIONSHIP BEHAVIOR Low High

  6. Situational Theory Hersey and Blanchard’s extension of the Leadership Grid focusing on the characteristics of followers as the important element of the situation, and consequently, of determining effective leader behavior

  7. Ex. 3.4 Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory of Leadership Follower Characteristics Appropriate Leader Style Low readiness level Moderate readiness level High readiness level Very high readiness level Telling (high task-low relationship) Selling (high task-high relationship) Participating (low task-high rel.) Delegating (low task-low relationship)

  8. Path-Goal Theory A contingency approach to leadership in which the leader’s responsibility is to increase subordinates’ motivation by clarifying the behaviors necessary for task accomplishment and rewards

  9. Ex. 3.5 Leader Roles in the Path-Goal Model Increase Rewards Path Clarification Leader learns follower’s needs Leader defines what follower must do to attain work outcomes Leader clarifies follower’s work role Leader matches follower’s needs to rewards if work outcomes are accomplished Follower has increased knowledge & confidence to accomplish outcomes Leader increases value of work outcomes for follower Follower displays increased effort and motivation Organizational work outcomes are accomplished

  10. Ex. 3.6 Path-Goal Situations and Preferred Leader Behaviors Situation Leader Behavior Impact on Follower Outcome Supportive Leadership Followers lack self-confidence Increases confidence to achieve work outcomes Directive Leadership Increased effort; improved satisfaction and performance Ambiguous job Clarifies path to reward Achievement-Oriented Leadership Lack of job challenge Set and strive for high goals Participative Leadership Clarifies followers’ needs to change rewards Incorrect reward

  11. The Vroom-Jago Contingency Model A contingency model that focuses on varying degrees of participative leadership, and how each level of participation influences quality and accountability of decisions

  12. Ex. 3.7 Five Leader Decision Styles Area of Freedom for Group Area of Influence by Leader Delegate Decide Consult Individually Consult Group Facilitate

  13. Substitute and Neutralizer Substitute: a situational variable that makes leadership unnecessary orredundant Neutralizer: a situational characteristic that counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors

  14. Ex. 3.10 Substitutes and Neutralizers for Leadership

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