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The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur. Chapter 14 Pages 302 – 323 . The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep Tribe Divided into clans Temporary confederations Leaders elected.

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The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

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  1. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Chapter 14 Pages 302 – 323

  2. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Mongol Culture • Nomadic pastoralists • Goats, sheep • Tribe • Divided into clans • Temporary confederations • Leaders elected

  3. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

  4. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • The Making of a Great Warrior: • The Early Career of Chinggis Khan • Kabul Khan • 1100s, defeats Qin forces • Grandson, Temujin • Chinggis Khan • Born Temujin • Develops alliances among Mongols • 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)

  5. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Building the Mongol War Machine • Mounted warriors • Tumens,10,000 troops • Messenger force • Adopted gunpowder, cannons • Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan • 1207, expedition • China • Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

  6. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China • Kara Khitai defeated • Mongolian • Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated • Return to China • Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed • 1227, death of Chinggis Khan • Empire from Persia to North China Sea

  7. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Life Under the Mongol Imperium • Harsh, tolerant • Chinggis Khan • Capital at karakorum • Shamanistic • Tolerated other religions • New administration • Commerce thrives

  8. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire • 1227, division of empire • Three sons, one grandson • Ogedei, third son • Elected great khan

  9. The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

  10. The Mongol Drive to the West • Golden Horde • Named after Khan's tent • Russia in the 1200s • Many kingdoms • Mongols (Tartars) invade • Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan • 1236, begins conquest of Russia • 1240, Kiev taken and sacked • Novgorod spared

  11. The Mongol Drive to the West • Russia in Bondage • Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde • Commerce benefit • Moscow thrives • Metropolitan head of Orthodox church • Leads Russian resistance to Mongol • Kulikova, 1380 • Golden Horde defeated

  12. The Mongol Drive to the West • Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe • Hungary, 1240 • Death of Ogedei • Batu retreats • The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands • Hulegu • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Ilkhan • West to Mesopotamia, north Africa • 1258, Baghdad sacked • 1260, stopped by leader Baibars • Egyptian Mamluks • Slave dynasty of Egypt

  13. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Ogedei renews attack on China • Kubilai Khan • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Attacks Song • 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty • Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

  14. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence • Mongol patronage • Attracts scholars, artists • Religious toleration • Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims • Marco Polo • Visits court

  15. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance • Ethnic Chinese resist • Especially scholar-gentry • Kubilai • Protects peasant lands • Famine relief • Tax, labor burden lessened

  16. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • The Fall of the House of Yuan • Death of Kubilai • Dynasty already weakened • Song revolt • 1274, 1280, Japan attacked • Failure • By 1350s, territory lost • Ju Yanzhang • Founds Ming dynasty

  17. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur • Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) • Turkish • Base at Samarkand • 1360s, conquests • Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia • 1405, death • Empire dissolves • End of steppe nomad conquests

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