The Byzantine Empire

1. The Byzantine Empire

2. Review:Fall of Rome • Roman emperor, Diocletian (284 AD) divided the Roman Empire into east and west

3. Review:Fall of Rome • Constantine (312 AD) rejoined east & west; moved capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople

4. The Byzantine Empire • western half suffered from invasion • last Roman emperor ousted in 476 B.C. • eastern empire became known as Byzantine Empire

5. Emperor Justinian • 527 Justinian (Byzantine nobleman) took control of eastern empire • fought to regain control of Rome & Italian peninsula • called himself new Caesar & ruled like emperors of Rome • head of both church & state • exercised absolute power

6. Roman influence in Byzantine Culture • Learning: • Byzantium valued Greco-Roman classical learning • Students learned Greek & Latin grammar, philosophy, read classic literature written by Greeks & Romans • Some Roman laws remained • Christianity - official religion

7. Rise of Constantinople • Justinian started public building projects: • 14-mile wall around city • churches (Hagia Sophia) • courts, schools, & hospitals • Markets offered trade goods from Africa, Asia, & Europe

8. Empress Theodora • Justinian’s wife & advisor (most powerful woman in Byzantium) • Met w/ foreign envoys, wrote to foreign leaders, passed laws, & built churches • Passed laws to protect women & grant them benefits

9. Justinian’s Code • Some of Roman law continued in Justinian’s new system of law. • Legal system est. in Justinian’s Code served as law in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. • Justinian’s Code consisted of four works: • The Code - contained 5,000 Roman laws • The Digest - quoted & summarized opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers • The Institutes - told law students how to use the laws • The Novellae (New Laws) - presented all new legislation

10. Justinian’s Code Practice • Interpreting Justinian’s Code WS – Then vs. Now with a partner • Quick Writing Prompt: What was Justinian’s Code? What was the advantage of combining established Roman law with the new system of law in the Justinian Code? (10 minutes to answer this question)

11. Impact on Russia • Byzantium traded w/ Slavic peoples to north • Russian culture was created as Greek Byzantines interacted w/ Slavs • Slavic peoples - culturally similar but politically different communities

12. Impact on Russia: Trade Dnieper River • 880 - city of Kiev settled on Dnieper River • People living in Kiev could sail to Constantinople to trade. Location of Constantinople

13. Impact on Russia: Politics & Religion Religion: • 957 - princess Olga from Kiev converted to Christianity • 989 - grandson, Vladimir, converted entire population of Kiev to Eastern Christianity • Vladimir imported teachers from Byzantium to teach about new religion Politics: • Ivan III came to power in Moscow – declared he would make Russia “third Rome” & took title “czar” (Russian for “Caesar”)

14. The Great Schism • Read “The Church Divides” on pages 304 - 306 in your textbook • Summarize the conflict between the Eastern and Western Churches. What happened as a result of this conflict?

15. The Great Schism • Christianity developed different religious beliefs in eastern & western empires • In 1054, the Pope (West) & Patriarch (East) excommunicated each other (outcast from church) • Eastern (Greek) Church = Greek Orthodox • Western (Latin) Church = Roman Catholic

16. Great Schism: Key Religious Differences • Emperor claims authority over Patriarch & bishops • Patriarch & bishops share power & administer church as a group • Priests allowed to marry • Divorce permitted in certain cases • Pope claims authority over all bishops, kings & emperors • Priests may not marry • Divorce not permitted Greek Orthodox (East) Roman Catholic (West)