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Reward

Reward. Reward Psychopharmacology. Rewards can be chemical or natural f ood, exercise, sex, drugs Transiently or permanently alter neurochemical pathways d opamine , serotonin, GABA, glutamate This subsequently alters psychological, physiological, and behavioral pathways.

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Reward

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  1. Reward

  2. Reward Psychopharmacology • Rewards can be chemical or natural • food, exercise, sex, drugs • Transiently or permanently alter neurochemical pathways • dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate • This subsequently alters psychological, physiological, and behavioral pathways

  3. Reward Pathways….are complicated………… 1. Mesocorticolimbic: Ventral tegmental area (hindbrain) Nucleus accumbens (forebrain) Prefrontal Cortex 2. Mesopontine: Ventral tegmental area PedunculopontineTegmentum (hindbrain) 3. Nigrostriatal: Ventral tegmental area Substantianigra (midbrain) Striatum (forebrain)

  4. Reward pathways confer type of drug-seeking These types of parameters are used to measure the extent of drug-seeking and likelihood of full-blown addiction

  5. Self-administering drugs

  6. Hedonic Substitution: replacing one reward with another

  7. Diverse Effects of Drugs of Abuse on Neurochemical Pathways

  8. Heroin and Morphine (Opiates) • Act on GABA and µ-opiod pathways, particularly, in the brain, on medium spiny neurons

  9. Cocaine and Ecstasy (Psychostimulants) • Act on dopamine and serotonin pathways, particularly on neurotransmitter reuptake transporters For serotonin: cocaine and ecstasy block SERT

  10. Nicotine and Caffeine (Psychostimulants) • Act on cholinergic pathways, particularly increasing the rate and frequency of neuronal firing

  11. Alcohol • Acts on GABA and glutamate pathways, particularly by acting pre- or post-synaptically

  12. The Effects of Gene Expression on Drug Intake (Neural Genetics)

  13. Under-expression of Per2 enhances alcohol intake and craving • We created mice that had normal Per2 transcription, but less PER2 translation • Measured sleep/wake rhythms, circulating alcohol levels, and overall daily alcohol intake

  14. Per2-mutant mice drink more alcohol and crave alcohol more often

  15. ….and higher circulating levels of alcohol at all hrs of the day

  16. What about in humans? • Humans with certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms of Per2 are more likely to become alcohol dependent

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