Biogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity

1. Biogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 6 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Modified by Charlotte Kirkpatrick

2. Key Concepts • Factors influencing weather • Factors influencing climate • Effect of climate on distribution of biomes • Characteristics of major biome types

3. Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction • Weather: short term properties of the troposphere at a particular place and time • Physical properties: Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, Precipitation, Sunshine, Cloud cover, Wind direction and speed • Weather Model: Meteorologists use a variety of devices (weather balloons, aircraft, radar satellites) to gain data on atmospheric pressures, precipitation, temperatures, wind speeds, and locations of air masses and fronts.

4. Air Masses and Fronts • Air Masses: moving air across the land or sea. They contain air that is wet or dry, warm or cold, and high or low pressure • Front: Boundary between two air masses with different temperatures anddensities • Warm front: Advancing warm air mass replacing a cooler one. Rises up and over a mass of cool air due to density difference. • Cool front: Advancing cool air mass replacing a warm one. Stays close to the ground and wedges under the warm air due to density difference. Creates thunderheads.

5. Air Masses and Fronts Warm front Cold front Fig. 6-2 p. 111

6. Highs and Lows • High pressure system: Cool dense air that descends toward the earth and becomes warmer. Fair weather. • Low pressure system: less dense warm air spirals inward toward the center of a low pressure air mass. Center of the low rises and its warm air expands and cools. Stormy weather. • Air always flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, aiming to reach the equilibrium. But, because of the deviating force caused by the rotation of the Earth (namely Coriolis effect) it does not flow in a straight line. Instead of it, the winds form a spiral: inwards and upwards in low pressure systems, downwards and outwards in high pressure systems.

7. Tornadoes and Hurricanes

8. Tornadoes and Hurricanes

9. Tornadoes and Hurricanes

10. Climate Fig. 6-6p. 115 • Temperature • Precipitation • Uneven heating • Seasons • Earth’s rotation: Coriolis Effect • Properties of airand water See Fig. 6-4 p. 124

11. Seasons Fig. 6-8 p. 116

12. Uneven Heating of the Earth’s Surface

13. Air Circulation Fig. 6-9 b & c p. 1117

14. Air Circulation and Climate Zones Fig. 6-11 p. 118

15. Major Climate Zones

16. Figure 6-10Page 117 HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Heat released radiates to space Condensation and precipitation Cool, dry air Rises, expands, cools Falls, is compressed, warms Warm, dry air Hot, wet air Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat Moist surface warmed by sun

17. Figure 6-12Page 118 Solar radiation Convection cell Equator Warm current Cool current Warm air Cool current Warm water Warm current Polar front Cool air Cold water

18. El Nino and La Nina Prevailing westerly winds weaken or cease. Surface water along the south and north American coasts becomes warmer and The normal upwellings of cold, nutrient rich water are suppressed, which decreases primary productivity and causes a decline in some fish populations. Can trigger extreme weather along 2/3rds of the globe (pacific and Indian oceans. Cooling counterpart that follows El Nino. More Atlantic Ocean Hurricanes Colder winters in Canada and NE Warmer and drier winters in the SE and SW U.S. Wetter winters in the Pacific NW Torrential rains in SE Asia Lower wheat yields in Argentina More wildfires in Florida La Nina El Nino

19. Short-Term Climate Changes: ENSO Fig. 6-14 p. 119

20. Figure 6-13Page 119 Upwelling Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients

21. Figure 6-15 page 120 El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods

22. Figure 6-16Page 121 +3 1982–83 1997–98 El Niño conditions La Niña conditions +2 +1 Temperature/Change (°F) 0 -1 -2 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year

23. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases: H2O (v), CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFC’s Fig. 6-17 p. 121

24. Rain Shadow Effect • Microclimates:Local climatic conditions due to topography of the area Fig. 6-19 p. 122

25. Sea Breeze and Land Breeze • Sea Breeze is the movement of cool air on land to replace the the warm air as it ascends. At daytime • Land Breeze is the movement of cool air from land to sea as the warm air ascends. At nightime.

26. Biomes: Climate and Life on Land • Relationship between latitude and altitude • Succulent plants • Evergreen plants • Deciduous plants • Coniferous plants

27. Figure 6-20Page 123 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest

28. Biomes: Latitude and Altitude Fig. 6-22 p. 124 Refer to Fig. 6-20 p. 123

29. Biomes: Characteristics Average temperature range Average precipitation Latitude/Altitude Adaptations

30. Desert Biomes • Tropical deserts • Temperate deserts • Cold deserts Refer to Fig. 6-25 p. 127

31. Desert Biomes Figure 6-23Page 126

32. Figure 6-25Page 127 Temperate Desert Food Web Red-tailed hawk Gambel's quail Yucca Agave Agave Jack rabbit Collared lizard Prickly pear cactus Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Darkling beetle Bacteria Bacteria Fungi Kangaroo rat Kangaroo rat Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

33. Figure 6-26Page 128 Large desert cities Soil destruction by vehicles and urban development Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive Wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Human impact on Deserts

34. Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes • Tropical grasslands • Temperate grasslands • Polar grasslands (Arctic tundra) • Permafrost • Alpine tundra • Chaparral Refer to Figs. 6-29, 6-30, and 6-32 pp. 130-133

35. Figure 6-27Page 129 Polar Tundra Alpine Tundra Temperate Grassland Tropical Savanna Distribution of Grasslands

36. Figure 6-29 (1)Page 130 African Savanna Animals These grazing species share vegetation resources by having different feeding niches Dry Grassland Moist Grassland Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Grant's zebra Warthog Thompson's gazelle Waterbuck

37. Figure 6-29 (2)Page 130 Dry Thorn Scrub and Riverine Forest Riverine Forest Giraffe African elephant Dry Thorn Scrub Gerenuk Black rhino Greater kudu Bushbuck Dik-dik East African eland Blue duiker

38. Temperate Tall Prairie Food Web Figure 6-30Page 131 Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Pronghorn antelope Coyote Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper Grasshopper Blue stem grass Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Prairie coneflower Prairie coneflower Fungi Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

39. Figure 6-32Page 133 Long-tailed jaeger Grizzly bear Caribou Snowy owl Snowy owl Mosquito Arctic fox Horned lark Willow ptarmigan Willow ptarmigan Dwarf willow Dwarf willow Lemming Mountain cranberry Mountain cranberry Moss campion Moss campion Arctic Tundra (polar grassland) Food Web Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers

40. Figure 6-33Page 134 Conversion of savanna and temperate grassland to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and vehicles Human impacts on grasslands

41. Forest Biomes • Tropical rainforest • Tropical deciduous forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest) • Temperate rain forest Refer to Figs. 6-34, 6-37, 6-38, and 6-40 pp. 135-140

42. Figure 6-35Page 136 Temperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests Forest Biomes

43. Tropical Rainforest Food Web Figure 6-34Page 135 Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer Slaty-tailed trogon All producers and consumers to decomposers

44. Figure 6-37Page 137 Rainforest Niche Stratification 45 Emergent layer Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Shrub layer Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer Ground layer 0

45. Temperate Deciduous Forests Food Web Figure 6-38Page 138 Broad-winged hawk Hairy woodpecker Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae Metallic wood-boring beetle and White-tailed deer Mountain winterberry Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle May beetle Racer Long-tailed weasel Long-tailed weasel Fungi Wood frog Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

46. Figure 6-40Page 140 Blue jay Great horned owl Great horned owl Marten Marten Balsam fir Moose White spruce White spruce Wolf Bebb willow Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bunchberry Bacteria Evergreen Coniferous (Taiga or Boreal)Forest Food Web Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

47. Figure 6-41Page Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Human impact on forests

48. Mountain Biomes • Mimic latitude • Snow line • Islands of biodiversity

49. Figure 6-42Page Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Human impact on mountains