History of Japan-China & International Collaborations in the PSI Research Field

1. History of Japan-China &International Collaborations in the PSI Research Field Nobuaki Noda （野田信明） National Institute for Fusion Science History of PSI Research

2. I started the work in the fusion research field as a member of the diagnostic group of the JIPP T-II tokamak History of PSI Research

3. Shot Summary (Ti/CX neutral) in 1977 History of PSI Research

4. H2O ECR discharge cleaning in JIPP T-II (～1980) H, H+ → wall surface 　　 → deoxidation → plasma contamination • Stainless steel wall350 ℃ • Mo limiter • Surfaces covered with oxide Gipps’ Free Energy (kcal/mol) B2O/B2O3 304/298 BeO 144 TiO/TiO2 125/360 Li2O/Li2O3 140/450 CrO2 139 FeO 65 NiO 57 ECR + Pump （discharge cleaning） (2.45 GHz microwave+ 875 G） History of PSI Research

5. Effect of Discharge Cleaning a: 350℃ baking b: ECRDC 5hrs （room temp.） c: ECRDC+TDC+ 350℃ baking 75hrs before and after DC in JIPP T-II History of PSI Research

6. Tayler Discharge Cleaning (TDC) 120 Hz plasma discharges With primary winding History of PSI Research

7. Mechanism & Quantitative Discussion H2O生成，壁付着，排気 　　　　　　　　の競争過程 History of PSI Research

8. Effect of Titanium Gettering 1980 History of PSI Research

9. H reduction with He-GDC Wall conditioning in CHS 1988 - 90 JNM (1990) Conditioning on a virgin device History of PSI Research

10. 炭素壁　Carbonization　－TEXTOR Collaboration in 1985－ with methane glow discharge In-situ measurement History of PSI Research

11. Japan/Jülich Collab. on Carbonization presented in 7th PSI Conf. at Princeton in 1986 History of PSI Research

12. JJAP 1986 JIPP/ICR plasmasw/wo Carboniz. History of PSI Research

13. Heliotron E 装置 History of PSI Research

14. A. Iiyoshi et al., PRL(1982)- Currentless discharge- 86.4 ～ 88.3 Kyoto University History of PSI Research

15. カーボニゼーションの Heliotron E　適用 presented in 8th PSI Conf. at Jülich, 1988 History of PSI Research

16. Carbonization in Heliotron E presented in 8th PSI Conf. at Jülich, 1988 History of PSI Research

17. Heliotron-EＩＣＲ実験 1986 IAEA Conf. Kyoto Sustained with RF only History of PSI Research

18. 1990 CHS Graphite divertorNBI beam dump with CC composite 炭素材の壁への利用 March 1987 Heliotron E History of PSI Research

19. R & D for LHD wall

20. Basic Experiments on boronization 1991-1998 SUrface mod. Test-stand K. Tsuzuki, A. Sagara et al. JNM 256 History of PSI Research

21. High heat flux test1991 ～ ACT Active Cooling Teststand With electron beam test of small mockups History of PSI Research

22. Mystery ? Surprise ? 1991 Albuquerque Visit to Sandia National Laboratory Number plate of the Car (Rental) LHD !! History of PSI Research

23. Development of the helical divertor History of PSI Research

24. Before experiment July 1999 History of PSI Research

25. iron lines time wavelength Impurity line intensities w/o (top) and with (bottom) carbon divertor after Kuninori Sato Iron impurity decreased after carbon divertor installation, but gradually recovered Change in Fe XVI during the ’99 Exp. after Shigeru Morita History of PSI Research

26. July 1999 March 2000 History of PSI Research

27. V/V cooling channels First Wall Panels (SS) Mo Protector Trace of Divertor Leg Divertor cooling pipe Inside view of the Vacuum vessel Tangential Port Carbon Divertor Tiles History of PSI Research

28. Incident flux close to perpendicular (28 ) Analyzed tile at tangential port Tangential Port Divertor Footprint (analyzed tile) History of PSI Research

29. Footprint on legs on divertor plates 15th PSI at Gifu Invited talk with prof. Sagara May 2002 History of PSI Research

30. Outgas B.L. breathing Development of Long-pulse discharges with NBI 0.5 - 1 MW 1998 w/o carbon divertor, 1.5 T 1999 full carbon divertor, 2.75 T FW generator History of PSI Research

31. LHD実験風景 「1st Shot への道」　NIFS 製作ビデオより History of PSI Research

32. Heliotron-E　ＩＣＲ実験 IAEA 国際会議 （1986　京都） History of PSI Research

33. Density/impurity control in long dischargeParameters of #26191 & 26195 in LHD VUV data by S. Morita History of PSI Research

34. PSI Conf. & TEXTOR Collab. PSI 国際会議　 Member of the Program Committee 1987 – 2003 （１７years） TEXTOR Executive Committee 1990 – 2007　（１８ years） High Z (Tungsten etc.) studies In- vessel measurement of tritium History of PSI Research

35. - Tungsten as PFM ? - We approach 10 keV Erosion resistant materials are important toward long-pulse steady-state operations We should reconsider High Z Campaign 89 ~ 98 History of PSI Research

36. “PLTsyndrome ?” NG tungsten !! ＰＬＴ W limiter 実験 1978年頃 Hollow Te(r) 　　→ 炭素 limiter 電子温度分布 History of PSI Research

37. We proposed W limiter Exp. in TEXTOR • Serious discussion continues in EC (1990 -1992) • Invited talk by Tanabe • In 10th PSI Conf. at Monterey History of PSI Research

38. Invited paper in 10th PSI conf., March 1992, Monterey History of PSI Research

39. 日本の主張 • Achieving 10 kev • Steady-state is the next target Reconsideration of the wall materials is needed • W is attractive because of its possible low erosion rate • no data on tungsten !! History of PSI Research

40. 重金属（タングステン W，モリブデン Mo）TEXTOR での実験を提案 • 国内研究者の議論 1989 に開始 　　　　核融合研発足の年 (目的, 課題, 計画) • 国際執行委員会での厳しい討論(1990 -1992) • Finaly approved just before a long brake History of PSI Research

41. ＴＥＸＴＯＲにおける高Ｚリミター実験 1992年１１月実験開始（IEA TEXTOR協定） History of PSI Research

42. ＴＥＸＴＯＲ真空容器内部写真 History of PSI Research

43. Impact of high Z limiter Conditions of deterioration are existing Conditions of no-deterioration are existing Results in TEXTOR History of PSI Research

44. Impact of high Z limiter Results in TEXTOR • Reproduceable of the PLT catastrophy • But possible without catastrophy History of PSI Research

45. Impact of Ne injection 中心付近のモリブデンの放射強度増加の原因 発生源ではなく，プラズマ中の輸送 Mo XXXI の増加 Mo influx - - - no change ↓ Ueda et al./ PSI11th PSI 1994.5 History of PSI Research

46. Oral Paper in 11th PSI conf. May 1994, Mito History of PSI Research

47. Impact of high Z limiter ASDEX-Upgrade Laser blow-off exp. • Degradation happens occasionally • Large operation area without deterioration History of PSI Research

48. What important are • TEXTOR実験（’92.11), Ueda/11thPSI (’94.5), ITER changed its design policy, adoption of high Z (’94.11) • PSI 国際会議，TEXTOR共同研究 Japanese Univ. group released people from Taboo (禁忌) Tungsten is not good for plasmas. Even 1g tungsten should not be put in. • We didn’t say “tungsten is ideal • We have data and experiences for carbon but not for tungsten • Outside ITER umbrella (free from ITER constraint), We could give a big impact upon the ITER project before that the ITER choice had been “all Be Wall”) • Chinese group joined to the PSI through this campaign History of PSI Research

49. Number of papers on WJNM & NF (x2) Papers on TEXTOR in 1994 Y. Ueda et al., 11th PSI (Mito) V. Philipps et al., NF 34 (1994) in 1992, Review talk by T. Tanabe et al., 10th PSI (Monterey) First Exp. On Mo in TEXTOR History of PSI Research

50. 高Z壁研究started in China JNM (1997) 第12回 PSI 国際会議 1996 年　st. Raphael China came back to the PSI conf. 李建剛先生 Oral paper in 12th PSI 2006 年 合肥で第17回 PSI 国際会議 History of PSI Research