Instructor – Office – Contact Information

1. Instructor – Office – Contact Information • Mark E. Bess, AIA, NCARB, CSI, CDT • Office: Weston # 677 Hours by appointment • e-mail: mbess@njit.edu • web site: http://web.njit.edu/~mbess

2. Course Description • Contract documents are the means by which architectural designs are communicated to the building industry, code officials, product manufacturers, suppliers and fabricators. • The course will introduce the student to a logical approach of contract document preparation. • The student will develop their second year design project into a set of contract documents throughout the semester.

3. Course Description • Using the contract documents for the School of Architecture as an example, students will compare the architect’s construction documents to the actual finished construction. • The course will run for 15 weeks with topical instruction and discussion, project pin-up reviews and films.

4. Textbooks/Readings • A Manual of Construction Documentation • Glenn E. Wiggins, AIA • Published by Whitney Library of Design / Watson-Guptill Publications • The Professional Practice of Architectural Working Drawings – 3rd Edition • Osamu A, Wikita & Richard M. Linde • Published by John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-39540-4

5. Course Requirements • Quizzes – 6 open-note quizzes • Midterm Exam – a closed-note exam • Semester Project – students work on individual CD project using their own 2nd year design as a basis.

6. Relevant Dates • The instructor will monitor the progress of your semester long project at specific intervals. Quizzes, exams and reviews are administered and or due on the following dates. • January 16 Review #1 – Present project / concept package & cartoon set • January 30 Quiz #1 • February 13 Quiz #2 & Review #2 – floor plans • February 27 Quiz #3 • March 6: Midterm Exam & Review #3 – foundation and roof plans • March 27: Quiz #4 • April 3: Review #4 – reflected ceiling plans and exterior elevations • April 10: Quiz #5 • April 24: Quiz #6 & Review #5 – wall section(s), details, schedules and specification(s) • May 1: Submit semester Project in my mailbox (main office)

7. Course Assessment and Final Grade Determination • This class meets once per week, therefore in order to be successful the student must attend all 15 classes; missing more than 3 classes may result in failure. • Successful office contract document preparation involves interaction with various team members; therefore a portion of your grade includes your degree of meaningful class participation and discussion. • Assignments test and quiz allocations are as follows: • Quizzes #1-#6 - 20% • Midterm Exam - 35% • Semester Project - 45% • Late work will not be accepted (refer to relevant dates above); missed quizzes, exams or assignments will be recorded as an ‘F’. • Finally, the policies outlined in the NJIT Honor Code will be upheld in this class. Any perceived violations will immediately be brought to the attention of the Dean of Students.

8. Construction Documents&Contracts

9. General • In most architectural offices, between 40 and 50 percent of a project fee typically will be allocated to preparing Construction Documents. • Thus, for any given project, almost half of an architect's time will be spent on construction documentation. • Poor skills in this area will hurt almost any practicing architect.

10. General • Even that small percentage of practitioners who will be involved only with design will benefit from knowledge of construction documentation, as it will help them to communicate more clearly with those who are preparing the construction documents.

11. Role of Role of Working Drawings • The primary role or function of working drawings is to convert design data into construction information and to clearly communicate that information to building industry, code officials, product manufacturers, suppliers and fabricators.

12. Role of Role of Working Drawings • The drawings must provide and transmit a complete, faithful and accurate graphic depiction of the project design concept, to scale.

13. Role of Working Drawings • The essence of the working drawings is that they are the design professional’s interpretation of how the project should be built.

14. Working Drawings • To bring a design concept to reality, there must be a process of selecting the materials to be used for the project. • These materials must be combined into systems, where possible, or distinct details that gather and utilize them to formulate “pieces” of construction.

15. Working Drawings • Fundamental to this entire process is a working knowledge of construction materials (production, fabrication, testing, availability, cost, etc.).

16. Specifications • Part of the role of drawings is to cross-reference information between drawings and between drawings and specifications.

17. Construction Documents&Contracts

18. Role of Working Drawings • The 3 primary aspects of a set of working drawings: • configuration / size • height • construction

19. Role of Working Drawings • These translate into: • floor plans – which deal with shape (configuration) and size in the form of length & width • exterior elevations – add the element and relationship of height, giving the 3rd dimension of the project. • wall sections – which reveal construction • Without one of these a project is incomplete. These 3 categories form the base of information for other drawings in the set

20. A few quotable(s): • “The profession has been slow to recognize that design expertise has its counterparts in other aspects of practice.” – George M. White FAIA (former architect of the Capitol)

21. A few quotable(s): • “The architect should be equipped with the knowledge of many branches of study and varied kinds of reasoning, for it is by his judgment that all work done by others is put to the test…it follows, therefore, that architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their pains, while those who relied upon theories and scholarship were obviously hunting the shadow, not the substance.” – Vitruvius “On Architecture” Book 1 [25 B.C.]

22. Contracts • In addition to drawings & specifications, contract documents include… • contract forms including agreements and bid forms… • conditions relevant to project construction • and.. • changes made to the drawings and specifications prior to bidding.

23. Quality Management • Introduction & General Concepts • Structural Integrity • Water & Moisture Control • Flood-proofing • Horizontal & Vertical Surfaces • Sealants • Subsurface Water • Condensation • Environmental Considerations

24. Quality Management • Introduction • Analyze conceptual drawings; SD & DD • Detect potential and real problems EARLY • Develop the cartoon set (see handout) • Quality Control (QC): Check work prior to issue; too late in process • Quality Assurance (QA): check work during development; segmented process • Total Quality Management (TQM): Incorporates both QC & QA with owner satisfaction

25. Quality Management – Structural Integrity • Vertical Forces • Gravity loads include building weight & contents • Load Path • Engineer determines soil characteristics; architect to verify such investigations & include in CD’s • Architect to note water – settlement – frost – wind (vertical up-lift)

26. Quality Management – Structural Integrity • Lateral & Horizontal Forces • Below grade forces on foundation walls & ground water loads • Above grade earthquake (seismic action) and wind loads (pressure & suction) • Reinforce below grade walls • Provide drainage • Detail windows to resist pressures • Provide mechanical connections & ballast on roof • Shape buildings uniformly with uniform strength & stiffness to resist seismic forces

27. Quality Management – Structural Integrity • Structural Integrity Review • Stiff frames resist torsion – shear walls • Disconnect rigid cores • Brace soft floors • Disconnect slabs at corners • Height matters • Lightweight buildings of regular shapes are better • Winds can yield pressure at corners, glass & roof

28. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Water is the enemy, it can… • Damage building materials • Destroy building contents • Promote mold and insect action • Flood-proofing • Locate building outside 100 year flood plain; elevate building

29. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Steep Slope Roofing • +4:12; mostly shingle types • Critical locations: penetrations, valleys, wall-roof intersections • Low Slope Roofing • ¼” per foot minimum slope; critical locations parapet walls & penetrations • Warranty period and approved installer

30. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Vertical Surfaces: Exterior openings need flashing details, which include: • Sheet metal • Waterproof membranes • Weep holes • Joint sealants

31. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Subsurface Water • Slope earth away from building • Apply waterproof membrane to foundation wall • Install perforated drainage pipe to direct water away from building

32. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Condensation • Water vapor in the air will condense into liquid water when in contact with cooler surfaces • Condensation may drip onto materials • Vapor retarders are applied inside the building (warm side of construction) to stop vapor movement • Ventilation – mechanical or natural is helpful & is required in attics

33. Quality Management – Water & Moisture Control • Water & Moisture Control Review • Locate building away from flood plain; elevate • Provide flashing details at roof penetrations, junctures & terminations • Use sealants at vertical to horizontal intersections • Use flashing – overlapping materials & sealants at vertical openings (windows, doors, etc.) • Use appropriate sealants • Slope ground away from building • Provide waterproofing & drainage at bldg. perimeters & underslab • Provide vapor retarder on warm side of construction; provide adequate ventilation

34. Quality Management – Thermal and Acoustic Control • General: Site, landscape, spaces uses & location, quantity of wall openings & material selection all influence thermal and acoustic control; e.g..: • Sunshades • Glass & glazing • Insulation – wall assembly • Building assemblies including windows

35. Quality Management – Thermal and Acoustic Control • Thermal Expansion & Contraction has to do with the materials selected: • Aluminum expands 4X as much as masonry & 2X as much as concrete • Roofs expand more than walls • Thermal expansion causes cracking in materials with low tensile strength (masonry & concrete) • Expansion Joints: allow portions of construction to move independently of the frame • Control Joints: relieve internal forces

36. Quality Management – Thermal and Acoustic Control • Acoustical Concerns – Sound Absorption vs. Isolation • Sound absorption performance is measured by NRC. NRC 0.85 means it absorbs 85% of sound & reflects 15% back; lightweight porous materials • Sound isolation or the ability to reduce sound transmission is measured as STC (CAC for ceilings); heavy, impervious materials

37. Assignments • Read Lesson 1 pp 1-30 • Identify your project • Develop the cartoon set