301 Monday

1. 301 Monday

2. Civil Rights WWII offered the possibility of equality Militancy began to rise in the fight for Civil Rights Black Press highlighted the many varied faces of segregation People tried to force a flexible and encompassing use of Executive Order 8802

3. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) An interracial group Started in the north in 1942 to highlight northern racism By 1960s became a major proponent of sit-ins

4. Legal Challenge Brown V Board of Education Charles Houston Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) NAACP aims to get people out of the streets and in to the courts 1954 Brown decision ended separate but equal in schools

5. White Reaction 1956 “Southern Manifesto” A statement by a number of Southern states announcing their intent to avoid integration and defend segregation

6. 1957 Little Rock, Arkansas Integration of Central High School Governor Orville Farbus Sent in State Guard to stop six black students entering white school

7. Rosa Parks December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boards a city bus to go home. When she refuses to move from white only seats she is arrested December 5. A new and popular minister in Montgomery by the name of Martin Luther King, Jr. is chosen to lead the boycott Supreme Court rules — on November 13, 1956 — that Montgomery's segregation laws are unconstitutional

8. If the 50s were a time when the legal approach made a dramatic impact i.e. the Brown decision Then the 60s were the period of public display and mass movement in the style of the bus Boycott

9. The large percentage of TV owners now means that TV is the medium that transfers information Single moments highlight an entire event or movement Both popular culture events such as Woodstock And civil rights moments e.g. Montgomery, Selma

10. Sit ins February 1960 Greensboro North Carolina Woolworth lunch counter

11. Mass Media TV etc. spreads the message faster and in amore dramatic fashion than before The Greensboro sit in is very quickly followed by 70,000 more

12. SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating committee) SNCC - organized in 1960 limited membership the vanguard of the protest movement commando tactics some failure some success but crystallizes the movement SNCC begins to register voters

13. CORE In reaction to SNCC - CORE shifts its policy and begins to organize protests e.g. 1961 Freedom Rides Rides organized to test the Federal Interstate Commerce Act which bans segregation on interstate travel

14. When the busses reach the segregated south they are met with hostility White mobs burn, bomb and shoot both busses and people The riders are both black and white the white involvement ensures media interest and images of racist violence is broadcast over the country and the world

15. Albany GA 1961-2 SNCC Organizes a major civil disobedience campaign to desegregate Albany Day after day hundreds of people are arrested and the jails are overcrowded with men,women and children Leads the way for more peaceful mass protest

16. Birmingham, Alabama 1963 April 63 MLK launches a campaign of nonviolent demonstrations against segregation Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor

17. Connor uses attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods and fire hoses on protestors Thousands of Americans watched nightly in disbelief and disgust at his actions

18. MLK arrested and writes “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” “create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue”

19. IN 1960 JFK had been elected President a change was seen to accompany his election • the youngest president ever at the time • Born in the 20th Century

20. June 11 1963 makes a speech in which he states that civil rights is not a legal issue but a moral issue Promises to put in place legislation to end segregation Same night NAACP official Medgar Evers shot dead as he returned home

21. I have a dream 1963 March on Washington DC ends with a series of speeches the most well know is MLK’s “I have dream that one day . . . The sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveholders will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood” But this time had not yet arrived ……..

22. September 1963 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham is bombed 4 black girls waiting for Sunday school are killed The four men who committed the act are known in the community but it is not until 1977 that the first is arrested and convicted 2001 a second is convicted 2002 a third is convicted

23. November 22 1963 JFK assassinated Lyndon Johnson become President Pushes hard for civil rights legislation in honor of JFK At the same time protests are continuing march from Selma to Birmingham to protest lack of voter registration

24. Legislation For the first time since the New Deal the full weight of the government is brought for social change In part it is a reaction to public pressure and media representation of the events 1964 Civil rights Act Ends segregation in Public Places 1965 Voting Act Brings in 2 million new voters

25. Legislation is in place and people continue to push and racial divides are raised through uprising and fire Summer of 1964 Watts in Los Angles a primarily minority neighborhood erupts in flames 80,000 arrests It isn’t only the south where problem exists

26. Black Power Gradually as the decade continued some African-Americans pulled away from peaceful demonstrations SNCC became more radical

27. Stokely Carmichael leader in 1966 “We reject an American dream defined by white people and must work to construct an American reality defined by Afro-Americans” H. Rap Brown next leader “get you some guns” and “kill the Honkies”

28. Most well know and powerful voice of the Black Power movement was Malcolm Little Better known as Malcolm X “The black race in the United States is in extremely bad shape. You show me a black man who isn’t extremist and I’ll show you one who needs psychiatric attention”

29. Remember NO CLASS Wednesday and Friday