HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6-4 Charting a course for the Future

1. HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHEREChapter 6-4Charting a course for the Future http://www.claybennett.com/pages2/mistletoe.html

2. BIG ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DEAD ZONES ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ OZONE DEPLETION ACID RAIN GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WASTE http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

3. DEAD ZONES REMEMBER ! When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient (ie., fertilizer runoff) the population increases dramatically = ___________ ALGAL BLOOM Map of Mississippi River

4. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone The DEADZONE forms each April, generally grows throughout the summer, reaching a peak in late July. http://www.ncat.org/nutrients/hypoxia/hypoxia.html

5. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/index.html At its peak, the nearly lifeless water can span 5,000 to 8,000-plus square miles, an area almost the size of New Jersey

6. DEAD ZONESHow do we HELP? Use modern technology and “green” farming methods to: • Prevent erosion • Decrease agricultural fertilizer use • Decrease runoff of agricultural waste

7. http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_5/ozone_layer.html OZONE LAYER Our atmosphere between 20-50 km contains high concentrations of ____________ which protect us from the sun’s harmful ______________ radiation. OZONE (O3) ultra-violet http://pubweb.bnl.gov/users/xujun/www/bnl/ozone_layer_1.gif

8. EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION Skin cancer __________________________________ ________________________ of skin __________________________________ Reduces ________________ Disrupts __________________ in oceans Premature aging Cataracts/blindness crop yield food chains Click here to see a movie about the effects of UV radiation WMV, 618K

9. WHAT WE KNOW Scientists have been monitoring the ____________ of ozone in our atmosphere and have discovered a hole in the ozone layer over ____________. depletion Antarctica Click here to see a movie about the ozone hole WMV, 616K http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

10. The annual ozone "hole“ over Antarctica has occurred during the Antarctic Spring (October) since the early 1980s. Rather than being an actual hole through the layer, the ozone hole is a large area with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years. http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

11. Ozone depletion is a global issue NOT just a problem at the South Pole. Research has shown that ozone depletion also occurs over North America, Europe, Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and South America. Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season. http://home.casema.nl/daveduijn/globe2.gif

12. What’s the cause of Ozone Depletion? Chlorofluorocarbon molecules _______ released from air conditioners, aerosol spray cans, fire extinguishers, and industry ________________ (CFC’s) destroy ozone http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html

13. OZONE DEPLETION HOW DO WE HELP? MONTREAL PROTOCOL 1987- the _______________________ committed signing nations (including USA) to a ____________ in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. CFC production was _________ after 1995 in the developed countries, and later in developing countries. Today, over 180 countries have ratified the treaty. REDUCTION banned

14. THAT’S WHY . . . http://www.roundrocktexas.gov/images/spray_cans_large.jpg AEROSOL _____________spray cans no longer contain CFC propellants. Gases in ___________________ and _____________ are collected and recycled. AIR CONDITIONERS refrigerators

15. OZONE DEPLETIONHow do we help? We can't make enough ozone to replace what's been destroyed, but provided that we stop producing ozone-depleting substances, computer models predict natural ozone production reactions should return the ozone layer to normal levels by about 2050. This is the first example of different countries getting together on an environmental issue, agreeing on what to do, doing something, and seeing a positive effect http://www.gifs.net/image/Words/Wow/Wow_rotates/4031

16. ACID RAIN What’s the cause?________________________ BURNING FOSSIL FUELS Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Condensation Emissions to Atmosphere Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Dry Fallout Precipitation Acid rain, fog, snow, and mist particulates, gases Industry Transportation Ore smelting Power generation Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Releases _______________ and ________________ into the atmosphere that react with water toproduce ACID RAIN.

17. http://www.robl.w1.com/Pix/C900991.jpg http://www.geocities.com/kamil_pollutionpage/AcidRain.htm http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/scripts99/9905/img/asthma.jpg http://www.scienceacross.org/media/samplingforacidrainNOAAedSAW.jpg

18. ACID RAIN EFFECTS • damages buildings and statues • damages forests • kills fish • reduces biodiversity • causes illness & premature death from heart & lung disorders like asthma and bronchitis

19. ACID RAIN Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of alternative renewable energy sources HOW DO WE HELP? Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels ~ conserve electricity ~ drive less Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch)

20. GREENHOUSE EFFECT suitable for life atmosphere Temperatures of Earth remain within a range ______________ because the _____________ acts as a natural _________________ blanket. insulating http://wwwstatic.bayareawritingproject.org/images/bawp41/earthAtmosphereIMG.gif

21. GREENHOUSE EFFECT Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Atmospheric gases such as ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ NORMALLY trap heat energy from the sun like a greenhouse = _____________________ methane water vapor CFC’s Greenhouse effect http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

22. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE-Is it real? Some people say that the Earth hascycles of warmer/cooler climate change and that this is just part of that cycle. Most scientists believe that the increase inglobal temperatures is the result of humanactivities that have increased the amount ofCO2 and other greenhouse gases in theatmosphere

23. In 2007 in Paris a U.N.- backed panel of international scientists issued a major announcement on climate change stating that: 1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“ 2. There is a 90% probability the cause “man- made”. Either way… our planet is getting warmer!

24. FACTS WE KNOW Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century. 14 of the planet's warmest 15 years have all occurred since the year 2000 2014 hottest year on record Average temperature worldwide last year 0.9°F above the 1961-1990 average and 0.05°F above the 2001-2010 average http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/87/280px-Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png

25. FACTS WE KNOW The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased. Graph & glacier pix: http://nsidc.org/sotc/glacier_balance.html polar bears: http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34

26. FACTS WE KNOW Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased steadily. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Major_greenhouse_gas_trends.png

27. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WHAT’S the CAUSE? • Burning solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products • Production and transport of fossil fuels • Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills • Animal sources (methane) • Deforestation(trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)

28. What’s so bad about warming up a little? We’re freezing here in S.D.!

29. What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://healthandenergy.com/images/global2.gif Cartoon from Brookings Register Coastal flooding

30. http://www.claybennett.com/pages/ocean_temps.html What’s so bad about warming up a little? Changes in Gulf Stream http://zfacts.com/metaPage/lib/Atlantic_conveyor.jpg

31. What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina More severe storms http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2005/WEATHER/08/25/tropical.storm/story.katrina.915p.jpg

32. What’s so bad about warming up a little? Weather extremes http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/aaa_Dictionary_pictures/drought.jpg Heat waves and drought Brookings Register

33. What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34 Changing habitats means loss of species

34. http://www.conchaid.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/florida-keys-coral-reef-loss.pnghttp://www.conchaid.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/florida-keys-coral-reef-loss.png What’s so bad a little more CO2? ACIDIFICATION OF OCEANS Affects coral reefs and shelled sea animals http://www.biologyjunction.com/clip0051.jpg

35. What’s the Kyoto Accord? • International agreement signed in 1997 • Aimed at reducing global warming • Participants asked to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a percentage below 1990 emission levels • Set binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for countries to reach by 2012 • 37 industrialized countries which make almost 65% of greenhouse gases (GHG) were to decrease to ~ 5% less than 1990 levels (US target = 7%)

36. KYOTO is “OLD NEWS”! UNITED STATES The ________________ is the only major industrial country that did NOT signed the Kyoto Accord. Standards set by Kyoto expired in 2012 Countries have been meeting since 2009 to decide what will happen next http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/2654.php

37. WHAT NEXT? NEW CLIMATE AGREEMENT • More than 130 countries (including US and China) signed the landmark agreement to tackle climate change at a ceremony at UN headquarters on April 22, 2016 (Earth Day!) • US pledged a 26-28% cut by 2025 compared with 2005 levels. • It sets a collective goal of keeping global warming below 2° C compared to pre-industrial times, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5C. • It requires all countries to submit plans for climate action and to update them every five years, though such plans are not legally binding.

38. Clean Power Plan United States-Clean Power Plan sets achievable standards to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030 and giving states flexibility of how they will meet these goals . Feb 2016Supreme Court moved to temporarily block implementing the plan to limit greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.Decision to come . . . ?

39. http://www.gifanimations.com/animation/MenuSelection/1/56 What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT? CARBON FOOTPRINT A ____________________ = the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/

40. The US is no longer the #1 CO2 emitter http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/china-carbon-footprint.html but . . . we contribute to the problem.

41. http://matadornetwork.cachefly.net/bravenewtraveler.com/docs//wp-content/images/posts/20080418-planet.jpghttp://matadornetwork.cachefly.net/bravenewtraveler.com/docs//wp-content/images/posts/20080418-planet.jpg Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . . Even if countries can’t agree on emission levels … we should still work to reduce our emissions of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .

42. http://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/CARTOONS/2005/2005-379C--last-fossil-fuel.gifhttp://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/CARTOONS/2005/2005-379C--last-fossil-fuel.gif THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Fossil fuels are a limited resource… eventually they will be gone!

43. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! http://healthandenergy.com/global_warming_cartoons.htm Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.

44. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/AXU_8yGrChFsoMxEHENwCXCcNfaWt5xKTeVop_gXC0bNpant1zzXx7k/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/AXU_8yGrChFsoMxEHENwCXCcNfaWt5xKTeVop_gXC0bNpant1zzXx7k/ THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Drilling for and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequences http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/embed/public/2014/07/14/oklahoma_chart.jpg http://i.imgur.com/ZjvIZhH.jpg

45. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Innovation and alternative energy technologies for automobiles and power generation are good for our economy https://www.iea.org/media/news/2016/news/MTRMRInfographic.png

46. THINK ABOUT IT REALLYBAD BAD GOOD! BEST!

47. http://www.climateactionreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/climatesummit.jpghttp://www.climateactionreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/climatesummit.jpg

48. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Watch your own carbon footprint HOW DO WE HELP? Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels Cut down on CO2 emissions (with or without the Kyoto accord) Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch) Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)

49. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Vote for leaders that support environmental issues HOW DO WE HELP? Write to your representatives and tell them what you think Develop a National Energy Policy that emphasizes alternative energy and conservation Support funding for research on environmental issues and alternative energy production Encourage innovation and creation of new ideas, technology, and solutions to environmental problems Power of one video

50. WHAT DO WE DO WITH OUR TRASH? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average American produces about 4.4 pounds of garbage a day. That adds up to a approximately 220 million tons of garbage each year for all of us. This only takes into consideration the average household member and does not count industrial waste or commercial trash. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/stau0156/architecture/garbage%20can.jpg