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Infancy and Toddlerhood Personality and Sociocultural Development

Infancy and Toddlerhood Personality and Sociocultural Development. Chapter 5. 5. Infancy and Toddlerhood Personality and Sociocultural Development. The Foundations of Personality and Social Development The Development of Trust Attachment Separating from the Caregiver

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Infancy and Toddlerhood Personality and Sociocultural Development

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  1. Infancy and Toddlerhood Personality and Sociocultural Development Chapter 5 5

  2. Infancy and ToddlerhoodPersonality and Sociocultural Development • The Foundations of Personality and Social Development • The Development of Trust • Attachment • Separating from the Caregiver • The Family System: A Broader Context • Infants and Toddlers with Special Needs

  3. The Foundations of Personality and Social Development • Emotional Development • In the first two years of life, babies develop attachment to caregivers • They learn to separate and gain a secure sense of themselves • The development of emotions and emotional self-control depends on interactions that occur between infants and caregivers • Infant emotional well-being depends on effective parent-child communication

  4. Temperament • Temperament is the inborn, characteristic way a person reacts to the world • Thomas and Chess concluded that there are three temperament styles: • Easy: 40% of children • Difficult: 10% of children • Slow-to-warm-up: 15% of children • Other (combination of other three styles): 35%

  5. Video Clip • Interview with Thomas and Chess on the basic styles of temperament • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgXwCqzh9B8

  6. Video Clip • Applied-type description of temperament and the importance of “match” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyVYQzsQ-CY

  7. Styles of Temperament

  8. Temperament • Rothbart and colleagues developed a more precise measure of infant temperament • These dimensions of temperament have shown stability across the lifespan • Rothbart’s studies suggest that temperament has a strong biological base • Temperament style may change through interactions with family and other caregivers • “Fit” of parent and child temperaments is an important determinant of infant-caregiver interaction and child adjustment

  9. Rothbart’s Scale of Infant Temperament

  10. The Development of Trust • Erikson’s first development task – trust versus mistrust • Feeding and Comfort • Feeding and comforting behaviors are key to development of trust • Infants develop trust when they come to expect their needs will be met • A balance needs to be struck between trust in the caregiver and the need to teach the child to form a healthy sense of mistrust necessary for self-protection • Cultural differences exist in feeding and comforting practices

  11. Attachment • Attachment is the emotional bond with caregivers. • Attachment to primary caregiver usually occurs by 8 to 9 months of age. • Mary Ainsworth studied attachment with 12-to-18-month-old toddlers in a setting known as the “strange situation.” • Ainsworth concluded that there are two main styles of attachment: • Secure • Insecure • Resistant • Avoidant • Disorganized/disoriented

  12. Video Clip • Ainsworth’s strange situation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU

  13. Ainsworth’s Strange-Situation Paradigm

  14. Attachment • Effects of Attachment • Longitudinal studies show dramatic differences in personality and social development of securely and insecurely attached infants as early as 18 months • Secure infants are more curious, sociable, independent, and competent than their insecurely attached peers • Insecure children may exhibit hyperactivity or chronic stress, higher levels of aggressiveness, depression, and have feeding problems

  15. Explaining Attachment • Why and how does the attachment relationship develop? • Conditioning and reinforcement based on needs being met • Attachment may be an imprinting behavior • Harry Harlow’s studies suggest that a social bond is more important than food and physical presence • According to Bowlby, attachment depends on the synchrony between infant and caregiver • When parents are responsive, stronger attachment results

  16. Video Clip • Harlow’s test of the importance of contact comfort • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLrBrk9DXVk

  17. Bowlby’s Stages of Attachment

  18. Attachment and Trust • Securely attached infants are more apt to achieve trust • When attachment goes awry, mistrust is likely to develop • Insecure attachment may mean that children are emotionally and physically deprived, even subject to abuse and neglect

  19. Separating from the Caregiver • Stranger anxiety – fear of strangers • Separation anxiety – fear of separation from caregiver • Both are closely tied to cognitive development. • Separation anxiety may result when infants are exposed to the unexpected—discrepancyhypothesis • Infants may express anxiety when they see it in others, as they engage in social referencing

  20. The Development of Autonomy • During second year, children establish a sense of their own autonomy • According to Erikson, this stage is a conflict between autonomy versus shame and doubt • Autonomy is facilitated when trust has been established in infancy

  21. The Development of Autonomy • Parents must set limits on children’s behavior through use of appropriate discipline • Appropriate discipline is, in effect, feedback about the child’s behavior • Feedback may include praise or scolding • Negative feedback must focus on the behavior, not the child

  22. Prosocial Behavior • During the second year, children learn to cooperate, share, help and respond emphatically to others—prosocial behavior • The development of empathy—the ability to understand another’s feelings and perspective—is closely linked to secure attachment • Children of warm and loving mothers are more likely to express empathy at the age of 2

  23. Development of Self • By 7 months, children are beginning to realize they are separate and unique beings (and this is when they develop stranger anxiety) • They begin to learn that they can make things happen • By 18 months they can recognize themselves in the mirror • They become aware of their sex and start to exhibit gender-specific behaviors at about 21 months • By the end of their second year, their language is filled with references to “me” and “mine,” a sure sign of a sense of self

  24. Attachment and Separation • Becoming attached and learning to separate from the caregiver are fundamental development tasks of the first two years of life • Temperament, attachment, social referencing, parental discipline, and development of self-concept are all factors in the development of personality during infancy and toddlerhood

  25. The Family System: A Broader Context • Fathers play a greater role in childrearing in the United States today than they have in the past • Mothers are still the primary caregivers in most U.S. families • Fathers tend to be more physical and spontaneous with play • Other family members assist in child care, especially in collectivist cultures • Grandparents usually form their own attachment relationship with children

  26. Child Care • Due to modernization and social changes, many more women work out side the home • Child care is needed in most U.S. households of infants and toddlers today • 60% of mothers with children under the age of 3 and 63% of mothers with children ages 3 to 5 work outside the home and need child care • There is almost no public or government assistance for childcare, unless the family has a very low income

  27. Infants and Toddlers with Special Needs • Visual Impairments • Unknowing caregiver may mistake poor vision for lack of responsiveness • Hearing Impairments • May not be detected until child is 2 years or older • Hard-of-hearing child may be mistaken as being disobedient • Severe Disabilities • Such as cerebral palsy or severe retardation may put children at risk for parental rejection or withdrawal • Having a severely disabled child puts stress on family and challenges caregivers

  28. Abuse and Neglect • Child Abuse • Intentional infliction of physical or psychological injury • Child Neglect • Failure to respond to and provide for needs of child; may be unintentional • More subtle than abuse • Effects of abuse and neglect • Interferes with attachment • May lead to developmental delays (cognitive and language) • Failure-to-thrive syndrome • Children may need to be removed from abusive and neglectful homes and placed in foster care

  29. Summary • During the first two years of life, infants experience social and emotional development, as they learn emotional control and establish critically important relationships with their caregivers • Babies develop attachments to their caregivers and learn to separate from them as they gain a secure sense of themselves • Temperament refers to the inborn, characteristic way a person reacts to the world, and temperament is often stable across development

  30. Summary • Erik Erikson saw the task of this stage of development as achieving a sense of trust versus a sense of mistrust • Trust development when infants feel that they can depend on their caregivers to meet their needs • Attachment usually occurs by 8 or 9 months, and it is the most influential social relationship that infants establish • Harlow’s research with infant monkeys showed that healthy attachment requires more than food and physical presence—it is a social bond

  31. Summary • Emotional and social development takes place within the context of the family • Since the mid-20th century, fathers in the United States have played an increasingly important role in child care, but the primary responsibility for child care still falls to the mother • Grandparents fill an important role in child care, especially in single-parent families or when both parents work, and 61% of mothers of children under the age of 3 work outside the home. • Finding good and reliable child care is a major challenge for working parents

  32. Summary • Children with special needs provide special challenges to parents and caregivers, especially children with severe disabilities • Child abuse and neglect impact a child’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development Attachment is particularly affected. • Programs are needed to address the underlying causes of abuse, such as poverty, drug abuse and mental illness

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