Do Now 11/12

1. Do Now 11/12 • Cornell Notes – Look Inside Cells • Get Book page 510 • Question: What are cells? Cells are the smallest units of all living things.

2. The Cell • If we look at the structure of a school, what is the basic makeup of our building? • Plants and Animals are made up of many cells, while some living things consist of only a single cell. • The Human body has over TEN TRILLION CELLS! • Cells are the smallest units of life, and are the basic units of structure and function of all living things.

3. Who Discovered the Cell? • Robert Hooke was an English scientist who was the first person to see cells. • He used a simple microscope to see thin slices of cork (it is found in some plants). • He observed small boxes that seemed to resemble rooms that monks slept in (cells). • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells. • He saw single cell organisms in droplets of pond water.

4. The Cell Theory • The cell theory state the following: • 1) All living things are composed of cells. • 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • 3) All cells are produced from other cells.

5. Cell Organization Set 1 • Structure and Function • Cells have several things in common and come in two basic types (eukaryotic and prokaryotic). • They all have a Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and other main organelles. • Cells are also broken up into two basic kinds Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

6. Two Kinds of Cells • Eukaryotic • A cell with a true Nucleus • Nuclear Material is inside a membrane • Ex. Animals and Plants • Multicellular Organisms • Prokaryotic • A cell without a true Nucleus • Nuclear Material is present, but not inside a membrane. • Ex. Bacteria • Single Celled organisms

7. Set up your notes like this on your Paper*Make sure to leave plenty of space for each* Organelles-

8. 1. Cell Membrane • Definition/Function – A thin layer that encloses the cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. • It offers shape and protection for the cell. • selectively permeable – only certain materials pass through regulates the flow of materials.

10. 2. Cytoplasm • Definition/Function – Fluid within the cell. • Contains proteins, nutrients, and all other cell organelles! • The cell is mostly made up of this.

12. 3. Nucleus • Definition/Function – A round organelle found near the center of the cell and is usually darker in color • Controls all the cells activities • Contains DNA and controls the activities of a cell (this is very important).

14. Do Now 11/13 • PBIS CHART OUT • GET BOOK PAGES 524 AND 525 • GET OUT CORNELL NOTES FROM YESTERDAY • QUESTION: Which type of cells have a true nucleus?

15. Plant vs. Animal Cell

16. Lets Set Sail and Enter the Cell • 4. Cell Wall • Definition - Is a rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants. • Found ONLY in PLANT cells. • Function - Helps to protect and support life, allows water and oxygen to pass through.

17. The next obstacle to sail through would be the Cell Membrane, which we covered already *

18. Lets Continue Our Voyage to the Nucleus • 5. Nuclear Envelope • Definition - This is the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. • Functions - Just like a mailing envelope protects the letter inside it, the nuclear envelope protects the nucleus. • Contains pores that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.

20. Sailing Around the Cytoplasm • 6. Mitochondria • Definition/Function – Rod-shaped structures that are know as the ‘powerhouses’ of the cells. This is because they convert energy in food to energy the cell can use • helps carry out the cells functions

22. 6. Ribosomes • Definition/Function – Work under the direction of the nucleus to make proteins • Attached to the surfaces of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. (ROUGH) • These proteins will be transported to the Golgi Bodies.

23. 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Definition - Network of tunnels running from nucleus to Golgi bodies. • Function: carry proteins and materials to the Golgi bodies and other parts of the cell • Rough ER contains ribosomes, • Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

25. 8. Golgi Bodies • Definition/Structure – Receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell.

27. 9. Chloroplasts • Definition/Function – Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Chloroplasts make leaves green. • Found in PLANTS ONLY!

29. 10. Vacuoles • Definition/Structure – These are the bag-like structure that is the storage area of cells. • Might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. • Most plants have one large vacuole. • Some animal cells have small vacuoles

31. 11. Lysosomes • Definition/Function – Small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials in a cell. • Also break down old cell parts and release a chemical so that they can be used again. • Only in ANIMAL cells

33. Do Now 11/ 14 Which Cell is this and Why? You Can list

34. Cells Compared to a School? • If we break a cell down into the different parts, each organelle has a different job or function. • If we break down a school (like we did yesterday) just like we can a cell, it also has many different functioning parts. • Lets see if we can compare cell and school parts as we go through this set of organelles.

35. Cell Compared to a School • http://www.slideshare.net/watler/a-cell-is-like-a-school1 • http://www.slideshare.net/TyFRYGUY/system-of-a-cell-compared-to-the-system-of-a-school

36. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

37. Amoeba

38. The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name ameba comes from the Greek word amoibe, which means change. Some protozoans are considered plant-like while others are considered animal-like. The amoeba is considered animal-like because it moves and consumes its food.

39. Protists are classified by how they move. The amoeba creeps along by stretching its cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions called pseudopodia. (meaning "false foot".)  When looking at amoeba under a microscope, an observer will note that no amoeba looks the same as any other, the cellmembrane is very flexible and allows for the ameba to change shape. Amoeba Moving

40. There are two types of cytoplasm in the amoeba, the darker cytoplasm toward the interior (middle) is called endoplasm, and the clearer cytoplasm that is found near the cell membrane is called ectoplasm. By pushing the endoplasm toward the cell membrane, it causes its body to extend and creep along.

41. It is also by this method that the amoeba consumes its food. The pseudopodia extend out and wrap around a food particle in a process called phagocytosis.  The engulfed food then becomes a food vacuole.  The food will eventually be digested by the cell’s lysosomes. Amoeba Eating

42. Visible in the amoeba is the nucleus. The amoeba goes through mitosis, where the nucleus copies its DNA and the cytoplasm splits into two new cells, each identical to the original. This method of reproduction is called binary fission. Another structure easily seen in the amoeba is the contractile vacuole, whose job is to pump out excess water so that the amoeba does not burst.

43. During unfavorable conditions, the amoeba can create a cyst, this hard-walled body can exist for a long period of time until conditions become favorable again. At this point it opens up and the amoeba emerges. Often cysts are created during cold or dry periods where the amoeba could not survive in its normal condition. 

44. Amoebas can cause disease. A common disease is called Amebic Dysentery. A person becomes infected by drinking contaminated water. The amoeba then upsets the person's digestive system and causes cramps and diarrhea. A person is most likely to be infected in countries where the water is not filtered or purified.

46. Paramecium

47. Paramecium are unicellular protozoans classified in the phylum Ciliophora, and the Kingdom Protista. The paramecium move by tiny hair-like projections called cilia. The paramecium cannot change its shape like the ameba because it has a thick outer membrane called the pellicle. The pellicle surrounds the cell membrane.

48. Contractile vacuoles are also found in a paramecium to remove the excess water. The contractile vacuole is shaped like a star. Paramecium are heterotrophs, meaning they must consume food for their energy. Food enters the paramecium through the mouth pore and goes to the gullet. The area is pinched inward and is called the oral groove.

49. Paramecium can respond to temperature, food, oxygen and toxins and have a very simple defense mechanism. Just inside the pellicle are threadlike organelles called trichocysts. The paramecium can shoot tiny threads out of the cell to entangle a predator or to make themselves appear bigger.