REM 350: Sustainable Energy & Materials Management

1. REM 350:Sustainable Energy & Materials Management Resources and Uses Mark Jaccard Energy and Materials Research Group School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

2. Environment Resources: energy & materials Economy: energy & material transformation Wastes: energy & materials Sustainability concerns: resource scarcity & environmental harm Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

3. Coverage Resources vs reserves / conventional vs unconventional Reserves / production / trade Coal Oil Natural Gas Uranium and nuclear power Renewables Energy use by region, country, sector and end-use Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

4. Resources & reserves Resource – the total stock (or flow) of a defined element, compound or physical attribute (like wind or falling water) of potential value to humans Reserve – a subset of a resource, known with some precision in specific locations, that is technologically feasible and economically profitable (or almost profitable) for humans to exploit (innovations or changing markets affect the estimated reserve size – see McKelvey box) Conventional vs unconventional – variants of a resource that were originally, and usually most easily, exploited by humans are considered “conventional” while newer more-difficult-to-exploit variants requiring innovations are considered “unconventional.” (over time, some unconventional resources shift to being considered conventional – like offshore oil and enhanced oil recovery) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

5. Dynamic of reserves & resources: McKelvey box Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

6. World primary energy Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

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9. Fossil fuels Organic compounds formed over millions of years as carbon and other elements from dead animals and plants was accumulated, compacted and transformed by sedimentary and geological processes Coal – carbonaceous sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of partially decomposed plant material Oil – liquid hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes (unconventional includes tar sands, heavy oil, shale oil) Natural gas – gaseous hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes (unconventional includes deep pressurized gas and shale gas) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

10. Coal Coal – carbonaceous sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of partially decomposed plant material in swamps (as peat), and eventually transformed to coal of various qualities under pressure in sedimentary strata (coal is mined deep underground or removed at the surface) Coal rank – value of coal, which depends on its carbon purity. (Highest value coals are used for making steel (metallurgical coal), lower qualities are burned to generate electricity or heat.) (Coal can be converted to gas (town gas) or liquid as synthetic gasoline or diesel.) Rankings from highest to lowest quality. • Anthracite (almost pure carbon) • Bituminous • Sub-bituminous • Lignite (brown coal) • Peat (some classification systems refer to peat as a form of coal) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

11. Initial coal formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

12. Coal seams to coal mines Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

13. Coal reserves Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

14. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

15. Coal by region in 000s tonnes Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

16. Coal trade flows Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

17. Oil Oil – liquid hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes over millions of years Conventional oil – oil trapped in porous sedimentary rock under an impervious layer which its own pressure will drive to the surface through a drilled well (continuous innovations have enabled industry to exploit oil deposits that are deeper, smaller and under the ocean) Enhanced oil recovery – a fluid or gas is pumped into a depleted reservoir to recover lost pressure and raise extraction rates from 30-40% to 60-70% Unconventional oil sources – heavy oil, tar sands (oil sands), shale oil Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

18. Oil formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

19. Oil and gas reservoirs Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

20. Enhanced oil recovery Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

21. Fossil fuels Reserve / production ratio = proven reserve / annual production = years of production remaining if no addition to reserves Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

22. Oil exporters Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

23. Oil trade flows Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

24. Canadian oil production forecast(CAPP 2011) Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

25. Existing and proposed oil pipelines Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

26. Natural gas Natural gas – a mostly gaseous hydrocarbon (at surface temperature and pressure) formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes Found in sedimentary layers under a cap of impervious rock, sometimes by itself, sometimes mixed with oil (associated gas). Natural gas reservoirs are mostly methane (CH4) but may also contain water, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and carbon dioxide. Gas processing plants strip much of these molecules to produce market-quality natural gas. Unconventional gas sources – deep pressurized gas, coal-bed methane, tight gas, shale gas, gas hydrates Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

27. Natural gas formation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

28. Shale gas Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

29. Natural gas productionIEA Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

30. Natural gas trade Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

31. Natural gas trade Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

32. Nuclear power & uranium Nuclear power – energy released during the rearrangement of nuclear particles in the processes of fission and fusion. Some of the nuclear mass is converted into heat energy, which can be used to produce steam for electricity generation. Nuclear fission – the splitting of an unstable, heavy atom nucleus (such as a uranium isotope) into two lighter nuclei; can be produced as a controlled chain reaction. Nuclear fusion – the combining of the nuclei of two light atoms (such as hydrogen) into the nucleus of a heavier atom (such as helium) Uranium – since fusion is not currently viable, all nuclear power involves fission of uranium, so uranium resources are key Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

33. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

34. Uranium production Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

35. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

36. Renewables Solar – solar radiation drives biotic and abiotic processes (photosynthesis to produce biomass, hydrological cycle, wind, waves from wind; thermal energy and photovoltaic energy) Wind – movement of air resulting from uneven solar heating of land and sea Ocean thermal – energy from difference between cold depths and solar heating of surface Biomass – carbohydrates of plants and sometimes animal waste; solids can be converted into liquid and gaseous forms of hydrocarbons Hydropower – water flowing downhill, the result of solar energy and gravity Geothermal – high temperature pockets near the surface of the earth’s crust, a legacy of agglomeration pressure in creation of the earth and heat from radioactive decay in the core Ocean tidal – ocean currents caused mostly by gravitational force of earth & moon Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

37. Global renewable electricity generation Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

38. Hydropower Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

39. Wind Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

40. Geothermal Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

41. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

42. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

43. Energy use Secondary energy – energy that has been processed for use by an end-use device to provide energy services (end-uses) (RPPs, electricity, hydrogen) Refined petroleum products – hydrocarbon products made from conventional and unconventional oil (and potentially from coal and natural gas) – includes ethane, propane, butane, pentane, gasoline, diesel, kerosene (jet fuel), heating oil, bunker oil, bitumen, asphalt Electricity – energy resulting from the flow of charged particles (electrons) in a conducting medium; electric current is the flow of electrons through an electrical conductor Hydrogen – the lightest and most abundant element in the universe (about 90% by weight) but only a minute fraction of air; if isolated, can be combusted or used in a fuel cell as an energy carrier, like electricity Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

44. Refined petroleum products Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

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46. Fossil fuels Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

47. Global distribution of energy use Jaccard-Simon Fraser University

48. Energy demand growth:EIA- Quadrillion BTUs Jaccard-Simon Fraser University