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Chapter 2: Protein Interactions

Chapter 2: Protein Interactions. pp. 38-44. Let’s look at how proteins interact. Proteins as:. Proteins as:. Enzymes Transporters Signals Receptors Binding proteins Regulatory proteins Immunoglobulins. An enzyme at work. CARBONIC ANYDRASE. CO 2 + H 2 0. H 2 CO 3.

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Chapter 2: Protein Interactions

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  1. Chapter 2:Protein Interactions pp. 38-44

  2. Let’s look at how proteins interact

  3. Proteins as: Proteins as: • Enzymes • Transporters • Signals • Receptors • Binding proteins • Regulatory proteins • Immunoglobulins

  4. An enzyme at work CARBONIC ANYDRASE CO2 + H20 H2CO3

  5. Protein transporter(one example there are many more!) • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/biological%20anamations.html

  6. Cell Signaling through various processeswill be discussed in detail in chapter 5) Ligand and receptors Why do we care?? Normal Cells respond to cell signals! And Abnormal cells respond to cell signals!!

  7. Equilbrium Constant Keq • Keq=[P][L]\[PL] • Refers to the ratio of bound ligand verus unbound ligand • Quantitative expression Keq is called dissociation constant or Kd. • What would a “large Kd value” tell you about a drug versus a “drug with a smll Kd value”?

  8. Chapter 2:Protein Interactions pp. 38-44

  9. Isoforms of hemoglobin Fetal hemoglobin has lower Kd for O2 than adult hemoglobin. What does this mean physiologically?

  10. Ligands can sometimes mimic another ligand for a protein. Nicotine Acetylcholine

  11. Proteins as Immunoglobulins

  12. Protein Binding to a substrate (ligand) • Can be affected by: • Cofactors interacting with the protein • Proteolytic activation of the protein • Modulators (there are different modulators) Protein: for example an enzyme Substrate/ligand

  13. Cofactors: enzymes may have requirements in order to work…

  14. Cofactors: non-organic For example: Mg++, Ca++, Cl- May be required for enzyme activity! and Co-Enzymes!

  15. Proteolytic activity of a digestive enzyme

  16. Competitive inhibitor is an example of a “reversible modulator”

  17. Example of Reversible antagonist Ritonavir: protease inhibitor http://pharmacologycorner.com/hiv-protease-inhibitors-animation-showing-their-mechanism-of-action/

  18. However some Modulators ar irreversible inhibitors Tamoxifen and breast cancer treatment For example: penicillin

  19. Most enzymes have modulators to be optimally active… Modulators assist in providing ideal conformation for reactions

  20. Figure 2-20 - Overview

  21. Covalent Modulation • Kinase activity (exchange reaction) • Phosphatase activity • (remove group reaction)

  22. pH and temperature

  23. We regulate the amount of protein made:

  24. The body regulates the… • Amount of proteins we make (example) • Glucagon increases blood glucose • Insulin decreases blood glucose • Up regulation • GLUCAGON • Down regulation • INSULIN HOMEOSTASIS 

  25. FOR EXAMPLE GLLUCOSE Figure 2-23

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