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UNIT-II

UNIT-II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. PREPARED BY: Mr. Gireesh G.R. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. At the end of class the learner will be able to Understand definition of literature review List purposes of literature review Recall sources of literature review

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UNIT-II

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  1. UNIT-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE PREPARED BY: Mr. Gireesh G.R

  2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • At the end of class the learner will be able to • Understand definition of literature review • List purposes of literature review • Recall sources of literature review • understand steps involved in literature review process

  3. Introduction • It is defined as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systematic and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio visual materials and personal communications

  4. DEFINITION According to Polit and Hungler, It refers to the activities involved in searching for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of the state as knowledge on that topic. According to Nancy burns and Groove, The review of literature is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice problem and includes what is known and not known about the problem.

  5. PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW To • Identify, develop can refine research questions (or) hypotheses. • Define ethical implications. • Define concepts. • Examine research design, methods, scales, instruments, data collection and analysis. • Determine how well theory and research developed in the study.

  6. Contd…. 6. Interpret study findings, develop implications and recommendations. 7. Several aspects related to a topic 8. Identify pitfalls and weaknesses. 9. Avoid difficulties faced by other workers. 10. Describe modified procedure. 11. Access modern equipments. 12. Provide an idea about dose of drugs, animal model and statistical models used.

  7. Objectives of review of literature • Determine what is known and not known about a subject, concepts or problem. • Discover unanswered questions about a subject, concepts or problem. • Describe the strengthened, weakness of designs, methods of injury and instrument used in earlier works. • Discover conceptual traditions used to examine problems.

  8. Contd… • Determine the appropriate research design/ method (instruments, data collection and analysis methods) for answering research question. • Determine the need for replication of well designed study or refinements of a study. • Uncover a new practice intervention of gain support for changing a practice intervention.

  9. Sources of the literature review • Books • Chapters of books. • Journal articles. • Abstracts. • Critique reviews • Abstracts published in conference proceeding • Professional and governmental reports • Unpublished doctoral dissertation

  10. Information available in written documents • Facts; findings or results • Theory • Research procedure or methods • Opinions, points of view or personal commentaries • Anecdotes or impression on a particular event or situation

  11. Sources Primary source It is description of a research study that was written by the original investigator(s). Secondary source The research literature is a summary or description of a research study that was written by someone than the study investigator.

  12. Locating the relevant literature Manual search Using Libraries, Print sources/ print indexes like ,Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied literature(CINAHL), the red books, International Nursing Index, Index Medicus, Nursing studies index, Hospital literature index. Electronic literature CINAHL, MEDLINE,AIDSLINE,EMBASE,HEALTHSTAR…. World wide web Google.

  13. Do Computer Search Or Use Printed indexes Use Printed indexes Review listed of articles Identify articles to read Locate articles Read articles Record information about studies Sort articles Support Do not support Summarise content Summarise content Write literature review PROCESS OF REVIEW

  14. Example • A study to assess the effectiveness of an intervention on the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis in a selected hospital

  15. Example contd… The review of literature is done under the following headings:- • Literature related to stressors and coping among dialysis patients. • Literature related to quality of life measurement. • Literature related to effectiveness of interventions on quality of life.

  16. Process review of literature • identify the focus questions • Locating the literature sources • Read the review • Analyze the review • Write the review • Evaluating the review • Critiquing the review

  17. 1.Identify the focus question • Can the question be searched? • Is the review needed? • What approach will the review take? • What expertise is needed? • Is the review question feasibly answered within the constraints of time and availability of resources?

  18. 2.Locating the literature sources • Card Catalog • Computerized approach • Printed indexes • Abstract • Computer assisted literature searches • Microforms

  19. Printed indexes • Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL) • International Nursing index. • Nursing studies index. • Index medicus. • Hospital and health administration index.

  20. Abstract • Nursing research abstracts • Nursing abstracts • Psychological abstracts • Sociological abstracts • Dissertation abstracts international (DAI)

  21. Computer assisted literature searches • CINAHL database • RN dex Top 100 • Medline • Health Star • Eric: • Psychinfo • Dissertation abstracts online

  22. 3.Read the review • While reading the articles should be read in an integrated fashion. • The reviewer should look for overall trends as well as detail. • The combination of literature search and construction of conceptual framework may require several attempts to read. • This conceptualization process begins to take place as the reviewer reads. • Although the results of these studies should not be immediately incorporated before screening with the researcher

  23. Screening the references 1)The first screen the researcher will screen - is the reference readily accessible? 2) The second screen is the relevance of the reference, means whether its references is -relevant to your problem. 3) A third screening is the study methodological quality. That is the quality if evidence the study yields.

  24. 4.ANALYZE THE REVIEW • The first is to sort tile articles by findings, all of those with significantly positive findings, all of those with significantly negative findings, and all of those with a finding of no significant differences. • The second methods are to combine significance tests and develop all average effect size. • The third method is to choose a subgroup of studies based on criteria from this task or the previous task.

  25. 5.WRITE THE REVIEW • The rules for paraphrasing must be followed. Ex. of several studies has found the data supported hypothesis. • A written research review should provide Cadres with an objective, well-organized summary of the current state of knowledge on-a-topic. • A literature review should be neither a series of quotes nor a series of abstracts.

  26. 6.EVALUATING THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 1. Were the methods used to identify references appropriate? 2. How many existing references were retrieved? 3. Is the information retrieved accurate? 4. Is the review readable? Does it synthesize the available information. 5. Are assumptions and potential biases addressed? 6. Are discrepancies in findings among studies discussed? 7. Are both conceptual and theoretical issues addressed?

  27. 7.Critiquing the literature review 1) Is the literature review comprehensible? 2) Is tile literature review concise? 3) Are all sources relevant to the study topic? 4) Are sources critically appraised? 5) Are both classic and current sources included? 6) Are paraphrases or direct quotes used most often? 7) Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented? 8) Are most of the references primary sources?

  28. DISCARD IRRELEVANT OR INAPPROPRIATE REFERENCES DEVISE SEARCH STRATEGY [Eg. SELECT DATABASES, IDENTIFY KEYWORDS etc] SEARCH FOR, IDENTIFY, & RETRIEVE POTENTIAL PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS SCREEN SOURCES FOR RELEVANCE, APPROPRIATENESS ABSTRACT, ENCODE INFORMATION FROM THE STUDIES FORMULATE & REFINE PRIMARY & SECONDARY QUESTIONS READ SOURCE MATERIALS CRITIQUE/ EVALUATE STUDIES DOCUMENT SEARCH DECISIONS & ACTIONS IDENTIFY NEW REFERENCES, NEW LEADS ANALYZE, INTEGRATE INFORMATION, SEARCH FOR THEMES PREPARE SYNTHESIS/ CRITICAL SUMMARY FLOW OF TASKS IN A LITERATURE REVIEW

  29. SKILLS NEEDED FOR LITERATURE REVIEW • Critical thinking skill. • Critical reading skill and its process. • Preliminary understanding • Comprehensive understanding • Analysis understanding • Synthesis understanding

  30. Development Of Tool Selection Of Problem LITERATURE REVIEW Data Collection Analysis And Interpretation INTERLINK OF LITERATURE REVIEW WITH RESEARCH PROCESS

  31. Conclusion • A literature review or narrative review is a type of review article. A literature review is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.

  32. EVALUATION Question 1 . Explain in detail various steps involved in review of literature 2. Sources of literature review 3. Purposes of literature review

  33. THANK YOU

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