Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology

2. Be Mature • Use proper anatomical terms • Joe Ask meaningful and RELAVANT questions

3. Reproductive FXN • Only body system not responsible for homeostasis

5. Male Reproductive Anatomy Testes: produce male sperm and testosterone) Sperm: male reproductive cells that contribute X and Y chromosomes Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm Scrotum: pouch of skin that holds the testes.  Scrotal skin lengthens and shrinks to maintain sperm temperature Vas deferens: tubes that transport sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts; site where vasectomy (sterilization) occurs Semen: fluid ejaculated during sexual arousal.  Made up of sperm (from testes), fluid for sperm nutrition (from seminal vesicle), and “milky white” fluid for semen odor and texture (from Prostate gland)

6. Male Reproductive Anatomy Urethra: tube that passes urine and semen out of the body.  Also the entry point in males for STDs. Note: semen and urine do not pass through the urethra at the same time. Glans penis: sensitive tissue on the head of the penis with purpose for sexual stimulation. Epididymis: superior to each testis; tubular (5-6 m); maturate sperm (takes 20 days for sperm to travel through)

7. Male Reproductive Anatomy Seminal Vesicles: posterior to the urinary bladder; secrete yellowish viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, vitamin C, and coagulating enzymes Prostate Gland: inferior to the urinary bladder; produces milky white fluid which activates sperm Bulbourethral gland: inferior to the prostate gland; thick clear ejaculate fluid which neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

8. Testicles location in the scrotum • To keep sperm 2-3˚C for their survival; loaded with melanin for U.V. protection • Cremaster muscle contracts to raise the scrotum closer to the body when cold, muscle relaxes scrotum when warm • Leydig cells: produce testosterone

11. Penis • Copulatory organ found anterior and external to the abdominopelvic cavity • Corpora cavernosa engorge with blood during an erection • Corpora spongiosum surrounds the urethra and expands distally to form the glans (head of penis) • Prepuce (Foreskin); can be removed (Circumcision)

17. Spermatogenesis

18. How an erection forms • Nitric oxide (NO) is released by the parasympathetic nervous system during arousal causing vasodilation; Blood becomes engorged as the erection compresses drainage blood vessels, thereby retarding the outward flow of blood

19. Ejaculate • The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland produce semen which transports and protects sperm optimally to the female vagina • Semen provides sugar for sperm and a base media to protect against an acidic environment in the male urethra and female vagina • Sperm are produced at a rate of 1 000 every second • Acrosome at the tip of the head releases enzyme to enter the oocyte

23. Female Reproductive Anatomy Ovary: produce female eggs/ovum as well as estrogen & progesterone Ovum (Egg): female reproductive cells that contribute X chromosomes. Fallopian tubes (Oviducts): tubes that transport ovum to the uterus; passageway where fertilization occurs; site of ectopic pregnancy; site where tubal ligation (sterilization) occurs.

24. Female Reproductive Anatomy Uterus: also known as the “womb” when an egg is fertilized and implants in the lining of the uterus; when no fertilized egg is present the lining of the uterus sheds for the menstrual cycle. Cervix: lower end of the uterus; an opening between the uterus and vagina that passes sperm, menstrual fluid, and a fetus. Vagina: pathway for menstrual flow, birth canal, sperm, and STDs.  Opening for sexual intercourse and contains vaginal secretions/lubrication.

25. Female Reproductive Anatomy Urethra: opening for urine. Clitoris: sensitive tissue with sole purpose for sexual stimulation.

26. The maturation of a follicle Primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle when a fluid filled cavity forms. A secondary follicle becomes a Graafian follicle when the oocyte sits on a stalk. Ovulation occurs and the oocyte is ejected from the follicle. The follicle post ovulation becomes the corpus luteum* (Yellow body) which degenerates. *The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which thickens the uterus lining in preparation of the fertilized egg

30. Fimbriae The cilia of the fimbriae beat and create a current in peritoneal fluid. Without this current the oocyte could be lost into the peritoneal cavity (The fallopian tubes do not directly connect to the ovaries)

31. Ectopic pregnancy Occur when the oocyte is fertilized and it doesn’t enter the fallopian tube, but enters the peritoneal cavity. Dangerous because it often leads to severe bleeding (from the aborted fetus) and peritoneal infection. PID could result from this infection and could lead to sterility (Compression of the oviducts) and possibly death from peritonitis.

33. Uterus • A hollow, thick walled organ which receives, retains, and nourishes a zygote. • The fundus is superior to the uterus and the cervix (Cervical canal) is inferior to the uterus. • The function of the uterus is to receive and implant the zygote

36. External Genitalia: Vulva (Pudendum) Lies external to the vagina and includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures •   Mons pubis – round, fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis •   Labia majora – elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous to the male scrotum •   Labia minora – hair-free skin folds lying within the labia major: homologous to the ventral penis

37. External Genitalia: Vulva (Pudendum) Greater vestibular glands •    Pea-size glands flanking the vagina •    Homologous to the bulbourethral glands •    Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated Clitoris •    Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce •    Homologous to the penis

40. Mammary Glands •  Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple •   Areola – pigmented skin surrounding the nipple •  Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to underlying muscle fascia •   Lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk in lactating women •   Compound alveolar glands pass milk to lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside

41. Menses •   If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, depriving the endometrium of hormonal support •  Spiral arteries kink and go into spasms and endometrial cells begin to die •  The functional layer begins to digest itself •  Spiral arteries constrict one final time then suddenly relax and open wide •  The rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs

42. Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood •      Days 1-5: Menstrual phase – uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium •      Days 6-14: Proliferative phase – endometrium rebuilds itself •      Days 15-28: Secretory phase – Endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo

43. Female Sexual Response The clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood Vestibular glands lubricate the vestibule and facilitates entry of the penis Orgasm – accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical contractions of the uterus Females do not have a refractory period after orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience**Orgasm is not essential for conception

44. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Gonorrhea Bacterial infection spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces Signs and symptoms: •    In males – painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis •    In females – none (20%), abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding •    Left untreated, can result in pelvic inflammatory disease •      Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming more prevalent

45. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Syphilis •      Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally •      Infected fetuses are stillborn or die shortly after birth •      A painless chancre appears at the site of infection and disappears in a few weeks •      Secondary syphilis shows signs of pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain •      A latent period follows, which may progress to tertiary syphilis characterized by gummas (CNS, blood vessel, bone, and skin lesions) •      Treatment: penicillin

46. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chlamydia •      Most common STD in the U.S. •      Responsible for 25–50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease •      Symptoms include urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; and irregular menses •      Can cause arthritis and urinary tract infections in men, and sterility in women •      Treatment is with tetracycline

47. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Viral Infections Genital warts – caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV); infections increase the risk of penile, vaginal, anal, and cervical cancers Genital herpes – caused by Epstein-Barr virus type 2 and characterized by latent periods and flare-ups •    Congenital herpes can cause malformations of a fetus •    Has been implicated with cervical cancer •    Treatment: acyclovir and other antiviral drugs