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Geology Facts

Geology Facts. Earth’s Layers. The Earth consists of a solid inner core (Fe and Ni), a liquid outer core (Fe and Ni), a plastic-like mantle (Si, O, Fe, Ni), and a thin rocky crust (Si, O). The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle.

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Geology Facts

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  1. Geology Facts

  2. Earth’s Layers • The Earth consists of a solid inner core (Fe and Ni), a liquid outer core (Fe and Ni), a plastic-like mantle (Si, O, Fe, Ni), and a thin rocky crust (Si, O).

  3. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle

  4. Ocean crust (made of basalt) is thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust (made of granite).

  5. Convection currents move tectonic plates. Hot material rises, cools, becomes more dense, and sinks

  6. Convergent boundaries are colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones, (volcanic and trenches) and reverse faults (thrust faults)

  7. Reverse Fault Normal Fault transform, lateral, slip-strike fault

  8. Divergent boundaries are dividing plates and cause sea-floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes. Normal faults are produced from this movement.

  9. Transform boundaries slide past each other and strike slip faults and earthquakes are produced.

  10. Earthquakes can result with any plate movement

  11. Hot spots are not related to plate movement

  12. A fault is a break or crack in the Earth’s crust where movement has occurred

  13. Volcanic activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or seafloor spreading

  14. An ocean plate will always sink under a continental plate because it is more dense, creating a trench

  15. Appalachian Mountains are folded mountains

  16. 3 seismic stations are always needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake

  17. Earthquake Waves • P waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first. P waves travel through solids and liquids. P waves slow down and bend when they hit the liquid outer core. • S waves do not travel through liquids. • L waves, surface waves cause the most damage

  18. Most volcanoes and earthquakes occur in the “Ring of Fire.”

  19. The San Andreas Fault is responsible for the earthquakes in California

  20. The North American Plate is traveling in a westward courseThe Pacific Plate is traveling in a northwestern course

  21. There are 3 kinds of volcanoes, shield, composite (also known as strata), and cone

  22. Magma is found underground and lava is above ground

  23. Minerals • A mineral is found in nature, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure. (crystalline)

  24. Mineral properties depend on their atomic structure

  25. Ores are useful and profitable • Ores of Common Metals Contains: bauxite, bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, pit ore, magnetite, hematite, specular hematite, galena, pyrolusite, garnierite, sphalerite, chromite, stibnite, and molybdenite.

  26. Minerals are determined by their streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, color, luster, and special properties • Streak- The color of the mineral in powder form. This test is done by rubbing the mineral across a white streak plate. Several minerals have a streak that is not the same color as the mineral itself. Most metallic luster minerals have a dark colored streak

  27. Cleavage and Fracture • Cleavage or Fracture- If a mineral breaks along flat, smooth surfaces it shows cleavage. Cleavage can be in one, two or three directions. Some examples are: • Mica- cleavage in one direction, see the diagram below (upper right), • Feldspar- cleavage in two directions, see the diargam below (lower left), • Calcite, Galena and Halite- cleavage in three directions, see the diargam below (lower right). • If a mineral breaks along irregular rough surfaces it shows fracture. Quartz shows a special type of fracture called concoidal (shell-like) fracture.

  28. Hardness • Hardness- The ability of one mineral to scratch another. The softer mineral gets scratched. You test a mineral's hardness by scratching the unknown mineral with an object of known hardness. Moh's Scale of Hardness is used to rate the hardness of a mineral. The chart below shows the ten minerals that make up the hardness scale and some common materials with their hardness to test unknown minerals. One on the scale is the softest and ten is the hardest. • To find the hardness of a mineral you first have to find out what it can scratch and what can scratch it. For example, if a mineral can scratch glass but can't scratch a streak plate, the mineral has a hardness of 6 on the Moh's Hardness Scale.

  29. Color • Color- The most easily observed property, but usually the least useful. A mineral's color can be changed by the impurities that are found in the mineral.

  30. Luster • Luster- The way light is reflected from a newly exposed surface. Described as either metallic or nonmetallic. Some examples of minerals with metallic luster are pyrite, galena and magnetite. Some examples of minerals with nonmetallic luster are calcite, quartz and feldspar. Nonmetallic luster can also be described as glassy, pearly, waxy and earthy (dull).

  31. Special Properties • Acid test- This test is performed by dropping weak hydrochloric acid on the mineral. If it reacts (fizzes) then the mineral is calcite. This test will also help to identify the rocks limestone and marble, because calcite is the principal mineral in both. • Magnet test- If there is a magnetic attraction between your mineral and a metal object, then the mineral has a high iron content. The mineral magnetite will attract metal objects.

  32. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are classified by their composition and texture

  33. Igneous rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava. • Fast cooling = extrusive, small crystals. Slow cooling = intrusive, larger crystals

  34. Extrusive small grains, glassy, air holes present (obsidian, pumice, basalt)

  35. Intrusive large grained, granite

  36. Metamorphic formed by heat and pressure

  37. Metamorphic classified as foliated (banded) or non foliated • Foliated rocks are slate, schist, gneiss • Non-foliated include marble and quartzite

  38. Limestone morphs into marble. Sandstone morphs into quartzite

  39. Sedimentary • Sedimentary rocks are formed from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation • Sedimentary are classified as clastic, organic, and chemical

  40. Limestone is formed both chemically and organically • Sedimentary are found in flat layers or strata. Fossils are found in these layers

  41. Clastic rocks are made of fragments –conglomerate, sandstone, shale

  42. Destructive Geology • Chemical weathering occurs mainly in warm, humid climates

  43. Weathering can occur as either a mechanical or chemical process

  44. Erosion is the process of materials being transported by moving water, ice, wind, or gravity

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