CHAPTER 11-THE CIVIL WAR

1. CHAPTER 11-THE CIVIL WAR Section 1 Notes-From Bull Run to Antietam

2. Section Objectives • What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run? • How did the North and the South prepare for war? • Why were the battles in the West important? • What was the outcome of each of the battles in the East in 1862?

3. Main Idea • The shots fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861 signaled the start of the nation's Civil War—the war between the Union states of the North and the Confederate states of the South

4. Response to Fort Sumter • By May 1861, the Upper South (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) had joined the Confederacy, • the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.

5. Response in the North Lincoln calls for 7500 volunteers 90 days’ service to put down the rebellion Lincoln’s political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, “There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots—or traitors” Northerners rush to enlist Reaction in the South With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to choose a side Union slave states refused to provide troops to fight against fellow southerners Confederate states ready to call up men First Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede The Rush to War

6. Union Goals Needed to be carefully defined War could not center around the dispute over slavery—border states pushed to secede Fight for patriotic reasons—to save the Union Confederate Goals South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchanged Prepared to defend themselves against invasion Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw Goals and Strategies

7. In July, 35,000 Northern volunteers were training in Washington, D.C., just 100 miles away. • “Forward to Richmond!” urged a headline in the New York Tribune. • Many Northerners believed that capturing the Confederate capital (Richmond) would end the Civil War

8. First Battle of Bull Run 1861 • Lincoln names Irvin McDowell, the General of the Union army. • McDowell felt he needed more time to prepare his troops. • His army was made up of volunteers who had little to no fighting experience • “This is not an army,” McDowell told the President. • “It will take a long time to make an army.” • Lincoln did not want to wait and ordered his general into action.

9. Bull Run cont. • On July 16, McDowell marched his poorly prepared army into Virginia. • His objective was the town of Manassas, VA-25 miles from D.C. • Opposing him was a smaller Confederate force under General P.G.T. Beauregard, the officer who had captured Fort Sumter. • The Confederates were camped along Bull Run, a stream that passed 4 miles north of Manassas.

10. Bull Run • It took the Union army nearly four days to march the 25 miles to Manassas. • Slow pace was due to lack of training and discipline • Accompanying the troops was a huge crowd of reporters, politicians, and other civilians from Washington, planning to picnic and watch the battle.

11. Bull Run • McDowell's delays had allowed Beauregard to strengthen his army. • 11,000 additional Confederate troops showed up to the scene. • When McDowell finally attacked on July 21, he faced a larger Confederate army.

12. Bull Run • After hours of hard fighting, the Union soldiers pushed the Southerners back. • However, some Virginia soldiers commanded by General Thomas Jackson refused to give up Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

13. Bull Run • Another Confederate officer rallied his retreating troops, shouting: “Look! There is Jackson standing like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!” • The Union advance was stopped, and “Stonewall” Jackson had earned his famous nickname. • Tired and discouraged, the Union forces began to fall apart in late afternoon.

14. Bull Run • Hundreds of soldiers dropped their weapons and ran north • Terrified that the Confederate troops would catch them, they ran back to Washington, D.C. • The Confederates were too disorganized and exhausted to chase after them. • The first major battle of the Civil War was over. • It became known as the First Battle of Bull Run

15. Bull Run cont. • About 35,000 troops were involved on each side. • The Union suffered about 2,900 casualties • Confederate casualties were fewer than 2,000. • Later battles would prove much more costly.

16. Battle of Bull Run - Animation · 1st Union attack on the Confederacy in July of 1861. · The Confederates, led by Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, won the battle. * This battle showed each side that they needed training. * It also showed that the war would be long and bloody.

17. July 21, 1861 - Ruins of the Stone Bridge over which Northern forces retreated until it was blown up by a Rebel shell adding to the panic of the retreat, with the Federals returning to Washington as "a rain-soaked mob."

18. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861

19. Union army not ready to fight • With 90-day volunteer enlistment nearly over, the decision was made to send troops to Manassas Junction to attack. • First Battle of Bull Run • The chaotic battle ended hope for a short war. • Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname and Confederate infantry charge caused Union troops to stampede. • There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900 Union casualties. • Results • Lincoln called for a million more volunteers to serve for three years. • Replaced McDowell with General George McClellan,who set about creating a real army out of the volunteer force

20. Preparing for War • After the shocking loss, Congress authorized Lincoln to raise a million three-year volunteers. • the North was much better prepared for war than was the South • 2x the railroad track—great for mobilizing troops, food, supplies, ammunition • 2x the amount of factories--the Union was better able to produce the guns, ammunition, shoes, and other items needed for its army.

21. Preparing for War • the North had far more money in its banks than the South. • the North already had a functioning government and a small army and navy. • Most importantly, two thirds of the nation's population lived in Union states. • This made more men available to the Union army, while at the same time allowing for a sufficient labor force to remain behind for farm and factory work.

22. Union Advantage • large population of 22 million Confederate Disadvantage • small population of 9 million, of which 1/3 were slaves

23. Audio Excerpt: Union and Confederate Advantages Confederate Advantages Union Disadvantages • The South was a huge area to conquer. • fought a defensive war at home • defending their homeland • The North invaded unfamiliar territory.

24. Southern Advantages • The Confederates had some advantages, too • The south had better generals and leaders than the north. • The south had better military schools. • Although the most prestigious military school was located in the North-West Point, NY • Many Southern generals attended West Point. The Citadel Military School South Carolina

25. The war was fought in the south, south had to fight and play defense. • The North had to fight in enemy territory. • The South were fighting to preserve their way of life.

26. Union Strategies-Anaconda Plan • President Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded states • Lincoln hoped to stop the south from exporting their cotton to Europe. • This also prevented Southerners from importing the manufactured goods they needed • Lincoln's blockade was part of a strategy developed by General Winfield Scott, the hero of the Mexican War and commander of all U.S. troops in 1861

27. “Anaconda”Plan Scott proposed to choke off the Confederacy with the blockade and to use troops and gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy in two. Scott believed these measures would pressure the South to seek peace

28. Strategies for Victory Union plans: · blockade Southern ports · seize control of the Mississippi River · capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia

29. Confederate plans: · To stay at home and fight a defensive war. · The South believed that the North would quickly tire of fighting and give up. · The South counted on European money and supplies.

30. Larger population = more available soldiers • With more factories, could produce war supplies • General Winfield Scott’s plan—slowly seal the South off from the rest of the world—Anaconda plan • Newspapers pushed “On to Richmond,” an attack on the Confederacy for a quick end to the war. The North’s Strategy • Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of resources • Fighting for freedom and their homeland—¾ of the population did not hold slaves • They were convinced of their military superiority— many army officers were southerners. The South’s Strategy

31. Goals and Strategies Southerners were convinced that France and Great Britain wanted a guaranteed supply of cotton and counted on this cotton diplomacy as a foreign-policy tool. The Confederacy embargoed cotton to force the issue of recognition as an independent nation when the English and French hesitated. Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons: - The British resented the attempt at blackmail. - Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year before. - Higher prices encouraged other countries to grow the crop. Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign involvement throughout the conflict.

32. Naval Action · The Union blockade on Southern ports hurt the South. · Therefore, the South created an ironclad ship called the Merrimack to attack the Union navy.

33. In response, the North created an ironclad ship called the Monitor. * Ironclad ships changed naval warfare forever! The U.S.S. Monitor was the first Union iron-clad ship. This picture shows the deck and the turret of the U.S.S. Monitor (Source: Library of Congress).

34. Confederate Strategies • The South's basic war plan was to prepare and wait—play Defense. • Southern strategy called for a war of attrition--one side inflicts continuous losses and wears down the enemy until the Northerners lost the will to fight. • This did not work because of the man power and resource power of the north. • In the end it was the North who wore down the south.

35. Confederate Strategies cont. • The south tried to stop exporting their cotton to British textile mills. • This would cause the British economy to fall and support the south against the north in the war. • Believed the loss of Southern cotton would cause British and French industrial leaders to pressure their governments to help the South in exchange for cotton. • Instead, the Europeans turned to India and Egypt for their cotton.

36. Tactics and Technology • Top generals on each side trained at West Point. • Old instructional methods based on infantry and cavalry charges, but with new weaponry these tactics led to huge casualties • Increased range and accuracy with bullet-shaped ammunition and rifling • Shrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments mowed down troops. • Observation balloons were used to direct artillery fire, and camouflage was used to disguise tents and guns from view. • The telegraph allowed for quick communication. • Railroads were used to move large numbers of troops.

37. Tactics and Technology Instead of relying only on iron cannon balls, gunners could now fire shells, devices that exploded in the air or when they hit something. • Artillery often fired canister, a special type of shell filled with bullets. • This turned cannons into giant shotguns. • Thousands of soldiers went to their deaths by following orders to cross open fields against such weapons.

38. New weaponry during the Civil War Canisters- a shell Filled with bullets The speed Maximized casualties and range Canisters made the Cannon obsolete.

39. War in the West • After the disaster at Bull Run, Lincoln put General George McClellan in charge of the army. • Union forces in the West invaded the Confederacy

40. George McClellan and his staff

42. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee held the key to control of the Mississippi River. • The fighting in these four states is generally referred to as the “war in the West.”

43. War in the west cont. • The most successful Union forces in the West were led by General Ulysses S. Grant • Assigned to lead the Union army in Kentucky where the Ohio and Tennessee rivers meet. • In February 1862, Grant advanced down the Tennessee River with15,000 troops and several gunboats.

44. Fort Donelson and Fort Henry • Grant's objectives were Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, located just over the border in the Confederate state of Tennessee. • On February 6 the Union gunboats pounded Fort Henry into surrender before Grant's troops arrived.

45. War in the west cont—Forts Henry and Donelson. • The general then marched his army east and attacked Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. • After 3 days Fort Donelson also gave up. • Northerners rejoiced that at last the Union had an important victory.

46. War in the west cont--Shiloh. • Southerners worried that loss of the forts exposed much of the region to attack. • Nashville soon fell to another Union army. • Grant and 42,000 soldiers pushed farther south along the Tennessee River to threaten Mississippi and Alabama.

47. In late March, Grant's army advanced toward Corinth, Mississippi, an important railroad center near the Tennessee-Mississippi border. • Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston gathered troops from throughout the region to halt the Union advance. US GUNBOATS ON THE TENNESSEE RIVER

48. Battle of Shiloh • By the time Grant's forces approached, Johnston had an army of about 40,000 to oppose them • Johnston decided to launch an attack against Grant's army before the Union force got any larger • On April 6, 1862, Johnston's forces surprised some of Grant's troops, who were camped at Shiloh Church

49. Shiloh • Union forces attacked back and defeated Johnston's army. • The cost to both sides was very high. • The Union suffered more than 13,000 casualties, the Confederates nearly 11,000. • General Johnston was among the Confederate dead • Shiloh was the bloodiest single battle that had taken place on the North American continent to that time. • It destroyed Northern hopes that the Confederacy would soon be defeated.

50. Ulysses S. Grant was commander of Union forces in West • Bold and restless, he wanted to attack. • Western campaign focused on taking control of Mississippi River. • Would cut off eastern part of Confederacy from food sources in West • Union could use bases along the Mississippi to attack communication and transportation networks. • Grant’s Army of Tennessee captured Confederate forts on Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862. • Both sides claimed victory in bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh in April 1862,but Grant’s forces had driven Confederates back into Mississippi.