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Organization of the Human Body

Organization of the Human Body. Chapter 1. Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy = Structure. Physiology = Function. How is the body organized?. Body Systems. Main Life Processes. Metabolism Sum of chemical processes occurring in body. Reproduction

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Organization of the Human Body

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  1. Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1

  2. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy = Structure Physiology = Function

  3. How is the body organized?

  4. Body Systems

  5. Main Life Processes Metabolism Sum of chemical processes occurring in body Reproduction Formation of new cells or production of new individual Responsiveness Detect and respond to changes in environment Movement Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, etc Differentiation Unspecialized cells become specialized Growth An increase in size or number of cells

  6. Homeostasis - Maintenance of relatively stable body conditions • Internal environment remains constant despite changing external environment - Homeostatic Mechanisms: - Nervous system  nerve impulses - Endocrine system  hormones

  7. Feedback System

  8. Negative Feedback System-Heart Rate Baroreceptors in blood vessels ↑ Blood Pressure About to give a presentation ↓ Heart Rate ↑ Heart Rate (Imbalance) Heart Rate Normal ( In Homeostasis)

  9. Positive Feedback System-Giving Birth Cervix Receptors Smooth Muscle Receptors Cervix Opening MORE Dilated (Imbalance) Cervix Opening Dilated (Imbalance) Cervix Opening Normal ( In Homeostasis)

  10. Factors That Influence Homeostasis • Environment • Toxic substances (ex: pollution, venomous bites, poisons, etc) • Temperature • Behavior • Eating habits • Thoughts • Exercise • Genetics • Hemophilia • Congenital heart defects • Age • Decreased production of hormones • Decreases lung capacity • Decreased kidney and digestive function

  11. Talking About the Body—Body Regions *Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward Head Neck Trunk Upper Limb Lower Limb

  12. Talking About the Body—Directional Terms

  13. Talking About the Body—Planes and Sections -Transverse Plane: divides upper and lower -Oblique Plane: divides at an angle -Sagittal Plane: divides left and right -Frontal Plane: divides front and back

  14. Body Cavities • Several body cavities & layers of membranes within cavities - Spaces within the body that surround organs • Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

  15. Body Cavities - Cranial Cavity - Vertebral Cavity - Thoracic Cavity - Pleural Cavity - Pericardial Cavity - Mediastinum - Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal Cavity - Pelvic Cavity

  16. Anterior Posterior

  17. Anatomy and Medicine - Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disorders/diseases - Disorder= abnormality of structure and/or function • Disease= specific illness characterized by recognizable set of symptoms and signs • Symptoms= subjective changes in body functions not apparent to observer - Signs= objective changes that can be observed and measured

  18. Studying Diseases • Pathology (patho- = disease) • Studies the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions • Studies the structural and functional changes that diseases produce • Diagnosis (dia-through; -gnosis= knowledge) • Identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific evaluation of symptoms, signs, medical history, physical examination, etc.

  19. Abdominopelvic Regions Clavicles LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION EPI- GASTRIC REGION RIGHT LUMBAR REGION UMBILICAL REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION HYPO- GASTRIC REGION RIGHT INGUINAL REGION LEFT INGUINAL REGION (b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions

  20. Abdominopelvic Regions Clavicles LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION EPIGASTRIC REGION Subcostal line RIGHT LUMBAR REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION UMBILICAL REGION Transtubercular line HYPO- GASTRIC REGION RIGHT INGUINAL REGION LEFT INGUINAL REGION (a) Anterior view showing abdominopelvic regions

  21. Abdominopelvic Quadrants RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ) LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ) RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ) LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ) (c) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants

  22. A 52-year-old male patient entered the ER experiencing shortness of breath, hyperhydrosis, extreme anxiety, and acute severe thoracic pain that radiates distally to the left brachial region. The patient is also experiencing pain in the buccal, mental, and cervical regions. Patient has suffered from angina in the past, and applied a nitroglycerin patch to the right pelvic region that has had no effect. Patient is resistant to thermometer, so temperature must be taken from the axillary region. Angioplasty has been recommended due to past history, and catheter will be inserted in the medial inguinal region where femoral artery is located.

  23. A 16-year-old male was brought in experiencing nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and muscle pains in the cervical, abdominal, femoral, brachial, sural, dorsal, and gluteal regions. Patient also complains of severe radiating pain in the superior portion of the cephalic region. The patient suffered a short seizure during his soccer game before being brought to the ER. Further assessment showed an increased body temperature, rapid pulse, and a superficial rash extending distally bra chial to antebrachial on both upper and lowerlateral limbs. Patient is also experiencing intermittent emesis. Treat with 0.9% saline IV inserted at manus region to avoid rash, and wait for further test results

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