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The Muscular and Nervous Systems

Learn about the functions and classification of muscles and the structure and divisions of the nervous system. Explore how these systems work together to regulate movement, sensation, and other bodily functions.

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The Muscular and Nervous Systems

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  1. The Muscular and Nervous Systems

  2. The Muscular System • Muscles contribute to the outward appearance of animals and are essential for movement, posture, breathing, circulation, digestion, and many other functions

  3. Muscular System • Types of muscle fibers • Smooth • Cardiac • Skeletal

  4. Types of Muscle

  5. The Muscular System • Muscles are classified as being voluntary or involuntary • Voluntary muscles are those that can be contracted or relaxed at will • Involuntary muscles are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems

  6. Functional Unit of the Muscle • Sarcomere • fundamental functional unit of striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) • http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__sarcomere_contraction.html

  7. The Nervous System • The nervous system is a complex network that regulates most activities of the body, coordinates movements, and relays sensations

  8. The Nervous System • Two major divisions • central nervous system • Brain and spinal cord • peripheral nervous system • Nerves throughout body for sensory and motor control

  9. The Nervous System • Nerve cells are called neurons • Dendrite • Axon • Synapse

  10. The Nervous System • The brain controls most activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary • Major divisions • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon • Brain stem

  11. Major Divisions of the Nervous System • Cerebrum • Divided into the L and R hemispheres • Connected by corpus callosum • Functions in: determining intelligence and personality; thinking; perceiving; language; motor function; planning and organizing; touch sensation

  12. Major Divisions of the Nervous System • Cerebellum • Back of brain • Functions in: maintenance of balance and posture; coordination of voluntary movements; motor learning; cognitive functions (language)

  13. Major Divisions of the Nervous System • Diencephalon • Include: hypothalmus, thalmus, and epi- and subthalmus • Functions to: direct sense impulses throughout body; autonomic (involuntary/PNS), motor, and endocrine control; homeostasis; and touch sensation

  14. Major Divisions of the Nervous System • Brain stem • Stem-like part of the base of the brain connected to spinal cord • Consists of: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata • Functions to: control the flow of messages between the brain and body; control breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness; and identify if one is awake/alert or tired/sleepy

  15. The Nervous System • Composition • Gray matter is formed by the aggregation of the cell bodies of neurons • White matter is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes

  16. The Nervous System • Function • Gray Matter: muscle control; sensory perceptions, such as seeing and hearing; memory; emotions; and speech • White Matter: relays sensory information from the rest of the body to the cerebral cortex; regulates autonomic functions (body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure); expression of emotions; and regulation of food and water intake

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