Public Policy Role in Implementing Intelligent Vehicle Technology

1. Public Policy Role in Implementing Intelligent Vehicle Technology Eric Sauck BSE 2009, Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan WISE Intern, SAE International 6 August 2008

2. Overview • Definition of technologies • Motivation • Capability of technologies • Government role • Recommendations

3. Intelligent Vehicle Technology? Non-traditional features that enhance • SAFETY • MOBILITY • COMMUNICATIONS Wikipedia definition: “electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic devices - usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision repeatability functions” NOT YET!

4. Motivation • Traffic deaths • 42,000 per year • Cost $236B in 2000 • Traffic jams • +3% lane-miles, +21% VMT from 1996-2006 • $78B in 2005 (4.2B hours, 2.9B gallons) • Environmental impact • Efficient driving at 40-60 MPH • Jams unnecessarily burn fuel Sources: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, Texas Transportation Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

5. In other words… 88 jumbo jets of people goneevery year

6. In other words… • #1 cause of death for ages 2-34 in 2004 • Total cost is equivalent to $1000 per man, woman, and child in the U.S. every year Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration

7. Current Intelligent Vehicle Tech 1. Driver aids warn or intervene • Based on own vehicle’s sensors

8. Blind Spot Warning (BSW) Parking Assist Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Lane Keep Assist (LKA) Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Forward Collision Warning (FCW) Sources: Volvo, Citroën, Popular Science, Toyota, Wards Autoworld

9. Near-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech 1. Driver aids 2. V2V makes vehicle “aware” • Based on other vehicles’ actions • IEEE 802.11p • ACC + V2V = Cooperative ACC • With 100% CACC, roads can handle 2x the traffic Source: California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways – UC Berkeley

10. Long-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech 1. Driver aids 2. V2V 3. VII adds more capability • Adds roadside equipment • Warnings: red-light, collision, overspeed • Re-routing: weather, traffic, emergencies • On-board connectivity • Management and tolling

11. What accidents can be affected? Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration

12. Technical and Human Challenges • Technical • Develop efficient algorithms • Bring down cost of accurate sensors • Human • Driver role vs. vehicle role - work in parallel • Educate drivers as technology evolves

13. Government Players • Dept. of Transportation • Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) • National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) • Dept. of Defense • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) • Dept. of Commerce • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • State DOTs • Local road commissions

14. Government Involved in Development • Research • Prize competitions • Technology transfer • Pilot projects • Incentives for deployment

15. Research›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ››Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment • Federal Highway Administration • Researching in-vehicle vs. out-of-vehicle warnings • Research and Innovative Technology Administration • Grants to University Transportation Centers: $76.7M/yr

16. Research›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech TransferPilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment • DARPA Urban Challenge • 60 miles, 6 hours, no driver • Mock-urban environment • Win-win for military, industry, academia Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

17. Capabilities are evolving 2004 (142-mile desert) → 0 of 15 finalists finished 2005 (132-mile desert) → 4 of 23 finalists finished 2007 (60-mile urban) → 6 of 11 finalists finished Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

18. Research›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer • Sponsored by Depts. of Defense, Transportation, Commerce • Third IVTT in February 2008 • 20 presentations • Networking, plenary, tour of NIST Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle Laboratory

19. Research›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment • Phase I: Proof-of-Concept Test (11/2006 to 7/2008) • Detroit, Michigan - 57 sites VII equipped • Palo Alto, California - 40 sites VII equipped • Phase II: Field Test (12/2007 to 12/2009) • Other tests in 14 states and 10+ countries 10 16 Sources: VII Coalition, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute

20. Research›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment Future options for federal government: • Incentives for consumer • Retrofit existing vehicles • New vehicle options • NHTSA star ratings • Incentives for state and local governments • FHWA bonus or penalties • Interstate tolling

21. Challenges to come • Involving the automotive aftermarket • Funding through public/private partnerships • Safeguarding privacy

22. Conclusion • Safety, Congestion, Efficiency = national priorities • All levels of government and auto manufacturers are sponsoring IV research • Federal government should consider to • Update NHTSA safety ratings for preventive safety • Subsidize vehicle aids and V2V, as in Digital TV transition • Encourage states to adopt unified VII through FHWA • Pressure states to reinvest toll funds into highways

23. Questions?