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Chapter 24

The West Between the Wars 1919-1939. Chapter 24. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1). Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security The Treaty of Versailles tried to create nationalism by creating new boundaries and new states, but some were unhappy. Border disputes.

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Chapter 24

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  1. The West Between the Wars 1919-1939 Chapter 24

  2. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security • The Treaty of Versailles tried to create nationalism by creating new boundaries and new states, but some were unhappy. • Border disputes. • Germany vowed to revise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

  3. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Cont. • Weak League of Nations • The League of Nations was not effective. • The U.S. did not join; the U.S. senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles. • The members could not agree on how to handle situations.

  4. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Why do you think the U.S. did not ratify the Treaty and what effects did this decision have on the League of Nations?

  5. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Cont. • French Demands • Strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles  security. • Germany began to pay reparations, but soon faced financial problems (1921 & 1922.)

  6. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Cont. • Inflation in Germany • Policy of passive resistance and German workers went on strike. • Because of inflation, the German mark is worthless. • The Dawes Plan first reduced reparations, then coordinated Germany’s annual payments. • Some European prosperity between 1924-1929. 1929?

  7. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Con’t • The Treaty of Locarno • Signed in 1925 by the foreign ministers of Germany and France. • Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium. • 1926, Germany part of the L of N. • Kellogg-Briand pact, nations pledge to renounce war, but nothing was said about what would happen if the pact was violated. • Still a sense of distrust among nations.

  8. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • The Great Depression Cont. • Responses to the Depression • 1932, worst year. • Governments did not know how to respond and their solutions made things worse. • Political effects: increased government activity in economics. U.S. used to support a laissez-faire approach. • Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines, communism became more popular, more inclined to follow dictators.

  9. The Futile Search for Stability • The Great Depression • Depression: a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. • Causes of the Depression • Series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the late 1920s. • U.S. stock market = weakened European banks.

  10. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) What are some political effects of the Great Depression?

  11. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Democratic States after the War • Germany • Weimar Republic, [vahy-mahr] • the German democratic state created after the fall of Imperial Germany. • 1925, Paul von Hindenburg elected president but he did not fully endorse the republic. • 1922 & 1923, inflation. • People turned to political parties that were hostile towards the republic. • 1930, the depression made things worse.

  12. Inflation in the Weimar Republic

  13. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Democratic States after the War Cont. • Great Britain • Lost industry to the U.S. and Japan, industries declined and led to unemployment. • Labour Party fell in 1931, the Conservative party took credit for solutions. • John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, was ignored. Condemned the theory that in a free market, depressions should be left to resolve themselves without the governments help. • He argued unemployment was the result of a decline in demand. Demand could increase by putting people back to work building highways and public buildings. • He supported the government to engage in deficitspending, debt, to finance such projects.

  14. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Democratic States after the War Cont. • France • More balanced economy, not affected until 1932. • Political changes – In 1936, a coalition of Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed the Popular Front government. • French New Deal gave workers the right to collective bargaining, the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours, 40 hour work week, two week paid vacation, and minimum wage. • Still little confidence in the political system.

  15. The Futile Search for Stability (24.1) • Democratic States after the War Cont. • The United States • Severely affected by the Great Depression. • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) became the 32nd president in 1932. • Pursued a policy of active government intervention known as the New Deal. • The New Deal created new programs such as the Works Progress Administration, welfare, and social security, but there was still unemployment.

  16. Analyzing Political Cartoons A political cartoon is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message, that usually relates to current events or personalities. They are a great way to analyze a historical event or time period and allow us to see how people perceived the events of that time period.

  17. 24.2

  18. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) The Rise of Dictators • By 1939, only two major European states remained democratic, France and Great Britain. • Totalitarian state, a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. • Achieved their goals through propaganda and modern technology. • Led by a single leader and single party; expected the active involvement of everyone.

  19. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini established the first European fascist movement in Italy. • Fascism glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictator. • People are controlled by the government and any opposition is suppressed.

  20. Benito Mussolini • July 29, 1883 - April 28, 1945 • Leader of the National Fascist Party, Italy • Nicknamed Il Duce, “The Leader” • Married to Rachele Guidi in 1910 and had 5 children. • He and Hitler did not like each other, but they were allies.

  21. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Fascism in Italy Cont. • Rise of Fascism • Inflation grew, workers went on strike, which created more divisions. Middle class feared a Communist takeover similar to Russia. • Mussolini formed the Blackshirts who used violence to break up strikes. • Those who opposed the strikes began to support Mussolini.

  22. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Fascism in Italy Cont. • Rise of Fascism Cont. • What was promised to Italy during WWI that they did not receive? • Mussolini used nationalism to appeal to the people of Italy. • Uses force and Victor Emmanuel II, the king of Italy makes him prime minister. Then creates a Fascist dictatorship. • 1926, all other political parties outlawed, secret police called OVRA.

  23. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Fascism in Italy Cont. • The Fascist State • Mussolini believed in a totalitarian state. • Tried to control mass media (newspapers, radio, film) and the media spread propaganda. • Fascist youth groups, 66% of youth ages 8-18. • Family was the pillar of the state and women were the foundation of the family; homemakers and mothers, “their natural and fundamental mission in life”.

  24. 1922-1991 The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union • Lenin’s New Economic Policy • New Economic Policy (NEP), modified version of the old capitalist system. • Saved the Soviet Union from economic disaster. • 1922, Lenin and the Communists officially created the Union of the Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR), simply the Soviet Union.

  25. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union Cont. • The Rise of Stalin • After Lenin died, the members of the Politburo, a committee that was the leading policy making body of the Communist Party,fought for power. • Leon Trotsky wanted to end the NEP and start industrializing the nation; he also wanted to expand communism. • Joseph Stalin, General Secretary, disagreed with Trotsky. Used his position to gain control of the Communist Party.

  26. Joseph Stalin • December 18, 1878 – March 5, 1953. • Stalin means “man of steel”. • Married Ekaterina Svanidze and had 1 son, Yakov. • Married NadelzhdaAlliluyeva and had a son, Vasiliy and a daughter, Svetlana. • video

  27. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union Cont. • Five-Year Plans • Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 and launched his first Five-Year Plan, which set economic goals for five-year periods. Goal to transform from an agricultural to industrial country. • Social and political effects.

  28. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) • What happens to • society when the • labor force expands?

  29. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union Cont. Five-Year Plans Cont. • Number of workers increased by millions. • Workers and families lived in horrible conditions. • Wages declined. • Strict laws limited where workers could move. What was used to keep workers content? “Sacrifice needed to create the new socialist state”

  30. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union Cont. • Five-Year Plans Cont. • Collectivization, system to which private farms were eliminated, came about. • Government owned the land and peasants worked.

  31. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) A New Era in the Soviet Union Cont. • Costs of Stalin’s Programs • Collectivization caused famine. • Stalin strengthened his control over the party bureaucracy. Those who opposed were sent to labor camps in Siberia or executed (Estimated 8 million Russians) • Old Bolsheviks were put on trial and executed. • Overturned social legislation.

  32. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Authoritarian States in the West • Some governments in the Western world were authoritarian and their goals were to preserve the existing social order. • Eastern Europe • Parliamentary systems failed in most eastern European states. • Powerful land owners, the churches, and some members of the middle class feared land reform, communism, and ethnic upheaval. • Turned to authoritarian governments to maintain the old system.

  33. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes(24.2) Authoritarian States in the West Cont. • Spain • Political democracy failed. General Francisco Franco led Spanish military forces in a revolt against the democratic government in 1936, beginning a civil war. • Italy and Germany aided Franco with arms, money, and men. Hitler tested weapons of the new air force. • The Soviet Union aided the Spanish republican government. • Madrid was captured in 1939. Franco established a dictatorship and favored traditional groups but did not control people’s lives.

  34. Guernica by Pablo Picasso, 1937

  35. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) Hitler and His Views • Racist, anti-Semitism • A nationalist who understood how political parties could effectively use propaganda and terror. • 1921, took control of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (____). • Nazi • 1923, sentenced to prison and wrote ______. • Mein Kampf, My Struggle, an account of his movement and its basic ideas. • Links German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism to a social Darwinian theory of struggle.

  36. Adolf Hitler • April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945 • Decorated veteran of WWI • Hitler married Eva Braun, but the two committed suicide near the end of the war.

  37. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) Rise of Nazism • The Nazi Party had to be able to compete for political votes with other political parties. • By 1932, the largest party is the Reichstag, the German parliament. • Promised to create a new Germany. He supported national pride, national honor, and traditional militarism. • Hitler video (united streaming – 3 minutes) • Why Hitler was elected – The rise of the Nazi party in postwar Germany (you tube video – 5 minutes)

  38. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) • How did the Great Depression help Hitler and the Nazi party rise to power? (2) How was he initially viewed by the German people?

  39. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) Victory of Nazism • The right-wing elites of Germany looked to Hitler for leadership. • 1933, Hitler becomes Chancellor. Soon the Enabling Act was passed. Gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the country’s problems. • All institution legally brought under Nazi control. • Concentration camps, prison camps for people who opposed the new regime, were created. • 1934, Hindenburg dies and Hitler became the ruler of Germany. Abolished the office of president.

  40. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 • Goal of an Aryan radical state that would dominate Europe and possibly the world. • His goal was to create the Third Reich (empire). • Economic policies, mass spectacles, and organizations were employed to further Nazi goals. • Terror was used. National Socialist Parade and Speech

  41. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Con’t • The State and Terror • The Schutzstaffeln (SS) maintained order. Under the direction of Heinrich Himmler, it became the police force. • Based on terror and ideology. • Himmler later became responsible for the concentration and death camps and the Einsatzgrupen, mobile death squads. • Captured by the British forces and committed suicide.

  42. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Con’t • Economic Policies • Hitler used public works projects and grants to private construction firms to put people back to work and end the depression. • A rearmament program solved the unemployment problem. • The end of the depression was an important factor in leading many Germans to accept Hitler and the Nazis.

  43. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) 1921 – Hitler takes control of the Nazi party 1925 – the SS formed, Mein Kampf published 1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor, Dachau is built, Reichstag passes Enabling Act. 1935 – Nazis enact Nuremburg laws 1936 – The German Army enters the Rhineland 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini agree to an alliance 1938 – Kristallnacht occurs. 1939 – German Army invades Poland, Britain and France declare war on Germany.

  44. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Con’t • Spectacles and Organizations • Mass demonstrations and spectacles were used. • Great appeals and evoked enthusiasm and excitement. • Churches, schools, and universities were controlled. • Professional organizations and leagues were formed, including youth organizations.

  45. The Youth • 1926, Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend/ HJ), for people ages 10-18. • 1939, all young people expected to join. • Took an oath. • Fostered military values and virtues. • League of German girls, taught domestic skills. Sing, Sing, Sing Unavailable The End

  46. Swing Heil! • "Swing Heil" was a phrase coined by the Swing Kids (mostly teenaged jazz and swing lovers from Germany in the 1930s)The Swing Kids opposed the Rational Socialist Ideology of Germany, and expecially the Hitlerjugend. "Swing Heil" is a twist on "SeigHeil" which is a pro-nazi phrase.

  47. The Youth "Youth serves the leader. All ten year-olds into the Hitler Youth." What do you notice about the boys physical features?

  48. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Cont. Women and Nazism • Bearers of the children who would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. • Certain occupations were “unsuitable” for women. • Promoted the idea of marriage and family.

  49. Hitler and Nazi Germany (24.3) The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Cont. • Anti-Semitic Policies • 1935, Nuremburg laws, excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens. • 1938, Kristallnacht “night of shattered glass”, burned synagogues and Jewish businesses. Many Jews killed and thousands sent to concentration camps. • 1941, German Jews required to wear yellow stars of David and carry identification cards.

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