Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 Gender Stratification

2. Sex and Gender • SexThe physical and biological differences between men and women.  • GenderThe social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity and femininity that are based on the previous biological distinctions.

3. The Functionalist Viewpoint • Functionalists argue that it was useful to have men and women fulfill different roles in Preindustrial societies. • Because women spent their time near the home, they prepared food, cleaned, etc. • To the male fell the duties of hunting, defending the family, and herding.

4. The Conflict Theory Viewpoint • According to conflict theory, males dominate females because of their power and control over key resources. • By subordinating women, men gain greater economic, political, and social power. • Conflict theorists believe the main source of gender inequality is the economic inequality between men and women.

5. Maines and Hardesty: Men’s Linear, Temporal World • When men project what the future might hold for them, they define it in terms of career accomplishments. • Men don’t view a family as much of an issue in terms of pursuing career goals. • Men see little problem in coordinating career and family demands. • Many expect to have a traditional division of labor in their families, which will support their career pursuit.

6. Maines and Hardesty: Women’s Contingent, Temporal World • Work, education, and family all are seen as having to be balanced against one another. • Careers are seen as pursuits that may have to be suspended or halted at certain points. • The vast majority of women envision problems in their careers and see family responsibilities as a major issue. • Instead of having a clear vision of the steps to accomplish career goals, women are more tentative about their future.

7. Job Discrimination • In 2004, more than 59% of all American women were part of the paid labor force. • The median income for men in 2004 was $60,093, and for women it was, $42,307. • Male managers and professionals earned $53,976 in 2001, compared with $38,064 for females. • Male technical sales workers earned $34,684, while females earned $24,596.

8. Chapter 10 Racial and Ethnic Minorities

9. The Concept of Race • Race refers to a category of people who are similar because of physical characteristics. • Races have been defined along genetic, legal, and social lines, each presenting its own set of problems. • Go to the American Anthropological Association’s statement on Race. http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm

10. Genetic Definitions of Race • Differences in traits, such as hair and nose type, have proved of no value in making classifications of human beings. • Similarities appear to be far greater than any physical differences including skin color.

11. Legal Definitions • There has been little consistency among the legal definitions of race. • The state of Missouri made “one-eighth or more Negro blood” the criterion for nonwhite status. • As recently as 1982, a dispute arose over Louisiana’s law requiring anyone of more than 1/32 African descent to be classified as black.

12. Social Definitions • In the 2000 census people were able to declare as members of any one or more of five categories: • American Indian/Alaskan Native • Asian • African-American • Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander • White

13. The Concept of Ethnic Group • An ethnic group has a distinct cultural tradition that its own members identify with and that may not be recognized by others. • They adhere to customs, maintain similarity in family patterns, religion, and cultural values. • They often possess distinct folkways and mores; customs of dress, art, and ornamentation; moral and value systems; and patterns of recreation. • The group is may be devoted to a monarch, religion, language, or territory.

14. The Concept of Minority • Louis Wirth’s definition of a minority: • A group of people who, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in society for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

15. Prejudice • An irrationally based negative, or occasionally positive, attitude toward certain groups and their members.

16. Discrimination • Differential treatment, usually unequal and injurious, accorded to individuals who are assumed to belong to a particular category or group.

17. Institutionalized Prejudice and Discrimination • Complex societal arrangements that restrict the life chances and choices of a specifically defined group, in comparison with those of the dominant group.

18. Chapter 12 Marriage and Alternative Family Arrangements

19. Changes in the American Family Since 1970 • The marriage rate has fallen more than 40%. • When men and women marry today they are on average 4 years older than in 1970. • The number of single-parent households has more than doubled. • The proportion of those who have not married by age 35 has tripled for both men and women.

20. Changes in the American Family Since 1970 • Women are nearly twice as likely to be divorced as in 1970. • The divorce rate has increased by nearly 40%. • Unmarried-couple households have increased nearly fivefold. • Half of all children are expected to spend some part of their childhood in a single-parent home.

21. Family Structures • The nuclear family is the most basic family form and is made up of a married couple and their biological or adopted children. • The nuclear family is found in all societies, and it is from this form that all other (composite) family forms are derived.

22. Family Structures • Polygamous families are nuclear families linked together by multiple marriage bonds, with one central married to several spouses. • The family is polygynous when the central person is male and the multiple spouses are female. • The family is polyandrous when the central person is female and the multiple spouses are male.

23. Family Structures • In extended families, along with married parents and their offspring, there may be the parents’ parents, siblings of the parents, the siblings’ spouses and children, and in-laws. • All the members of the extended family live in one house or in homes close to one another, forming one cooperative unit.

24. Marriage • Marriage, an institution found in all societies, is the socially recognized, legitimized, and supported union of individuals of opposite sexes.

25. Choosing a Marriage Partner • Rules of endogamyLimit the social categories from within which one can choose a marriage partner. • Rules of exogamyRequire an individual to marry someone outside his or her culturally defined group.

26. The Transformation of the Family • Most scholars agree that the Industrial Revolution had a strong impact on the family. • Industrialism demands that workers be geographically mobile so that a workforce is available wherever new industries are built. • Industrialism requires a certain degree of social mobility. • The modern nuclear family allows for inheritance and descent through both sides of the family.

27. Decline of the Traditional Family • Between 1990 and 2000, percentage of married couples with children fell from 26% to 24%. • Proportion of families headed by married couples fell from 76% in 1990 to 72% in 2000. • Since the 1950s, traditional families have become increasingly rare.

28. Cohabitation • Increased dramatically in the past 20 years and is having a significant impact on the family. • In 1988, fewer than one in five married Americans said they lived with their spouse before marriage.

29. Divorce Factors: Education • The likelihood of a first marriage ending in divorce is 60% for people with some college education. • Those who have a college degree have nearly a 40% chance of divorce and are the least divorce-prone. • Approximately 53% of women who have gone on to graduate school will divorce.

30. Marriage and Divorce Quiz • One of the reasons there is more divorce today than in the past is because people live longer and there is more time to get divorced. • False. Even though people live longer, they also marry later than in the past. • Living together before marriage increases your chance of divorce. • True.

31. Marriage and Divorce Quiz • An unmarried woman is more likely to experienced domestic violence than a married woman. • True. • Now that people are more likely to divorce, those that stay married are happier than when people stayed married because of the stigma against divorce. • False.Studies show that the general level of marital satisfaction has not increased.

32. Marriage and Divorce Quiz • Second marriages are more successful than first marriages because people learn from their mistakes. • False. The divorce rate for second marriages is higher than for first marriages. • If your parents divorced your chances of divorcing are increased. • True.

33. Marriage and Divorce Quiz • Women are more likely than men to be the ones who initiate a divorce. • True. • Teenage marriages are fairly successful if they can get through the first year. • False.Marrying in your teens increase the likelihood of divorce two to three times over that of couples in their twenties and older.

34. Gay and Lesbian Couples • 5% of gay and 22% of lesbian families include children. • Many of these children were part of a mother-father family and continued to live with a parent who transitioned to same-sex relationships. • 17% of gays and 29% of lesbians had previously been in a heterosexual marriage.

35. Chapter 13 Religion

36. The Nature of Religion Religion: • A system of beliefs, practices, and values shared by a group of people. • Defines the sacred. • Helps explain life. • Offers salvation from the problems of human existence.

37. The Elements of Religion All religions contain certain shared elements: • Ritual and prayer • Emotion • Belief • Organization

38. Four Major Types of Religions • Theism - The belief in divine beings—gods and goddesses—who shape human affairs. • Abstract ideals - Focus on the achievement of personal awareness and a higher state of consciousness through correct ways of thinking and behaving, rather than by manipulating spirits or worshipping gods.

39. Polytheism • Belief in a number of gods. • Each god or goddess usually has particular spheres of influence such as childbirth, rain, or war. • There is generally one who is more powerful than the rest and oversees the others’ activities.

40. Monotheism • The belief in the existence of a single god. • Three religions are known to be monotheistic: • Judaism • Christianity • Islam

41. The Functionalist Perspective Four categories of religious function: • Satisfying individual needs. • Promoting social cohesion. • Providing a worldview. • Helping to adapt to society.

42. The Conflict Theory Perspective • Marx saw religion as a tool the upper classes used to dominate the lower classes. • The lower classes were distracted from social change by the promise of happiness through religion. • They would receive their reward in heaven, and so had no reason to improve their condition in this world.

43. Chapter 14 Education

44. Cultural Transmission • Passing major portions of society’s knowledge from one generation to the next. • Schools are a major means of cultural transmission. • Our society contains many cultural differences, and conflicting ideas on what should be taught in schools.

45. The Conflict Theory View • Schools stifle individualism and creativity in the name of maintaining order. • The educational system socializes students into values dictated by the powerful majority.

46. High-School Dropouts Factors associated with drop outs: • Low educational and occupational attainment levels of parents • Low family income • Speaking a language other than English in the home • Single-parent families • Poor academic achievement

47. Dropping Out: Effects on Society • Dropouts pay less in taxes, because of their lower earnings. • Dropouts increase the demand for social services including welfare, medical assistance, and unemployment compensation. • Dropouts are less likely to vote. • Dropouts have poorer health. • Half of all state prison inmates were drop outs.

48. Chapter 15 Political and Economic Systems

49. Politics, Power, and Authority • Politics is the process by which power is distributed and decisions are made. • Power is the capability of making others comply with one’s decisions. • Authority is power that is regarded as legitimate by those over whom it is exercised.

50. Weber: Types of Authority • Legal-rational Authority - power in particular positions or offices, not in people. • Traditional authority - the idea that things are as they always have been and should remain that way. • Charismatic authority - a ruler’s ability to inspire passion and devotion among followers.