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Unit XII

Unit XII. Abnormal Behavior. Define normal behavior? Abnormal behavior?. Introduction to Psychological Disorders. We have a expected way for people to behave, can vary by context/culture Disturbed & Dysfunctional behavior Impact and interferes with day-day life

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Unit XII

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  1. Unit XII Abnormal Behavior

  2. Define normal behavior? Abnormal behavior? Introduction to Psychological Disorders

  3. We have a expected way for people to behave, can vary by context/culture • Disturbed & Dysfunctional behavior • Impact and interferes with day-day life • Psychological disorders are marked by a significant clinical disturbance in an individual’s cognitive, emotional or behavioral state Psychological Disorders

  4. Until the last two centuries “mad” people were thrown in jail, beaten, and were believed to be possessed by demons • Medical model • Philippe Pinel first to acknowledge mental illnesses • Mental disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured Psychological Disorders

  5. DSM will classify disorders, describe the symptoms and diagnose psychological disorders • In order to diagnose someone you would usually need some/all of the following: • Clinical interview, careful observation, medical records and a psychometric tests • International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) • Covers both medical/psychological diseases • Criticisms of the DSM • Too vague/casts to wide of a net(WebMD effect) • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

  6. Anxiety DisordersWhat are the risk factors for mental disorders?

  7. Rosenhan’s study • A small group of people went to a hospital claiming they were hearing voices, and though they were healthy they were labeled mentally ill • Labels matter and can influence behavior • Calling someone a schizophrenic vs “someone with schizophrenia” • Stereotypes of the mentally ill • They hear voices and kill others • “Insanity” comes out of the legal system, it is NOT a psychological or medical diagnosis Labeling Psychological Disorders

  8. Characterized by feelings of worry, anxiety, or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities • 3 million cases in the US • Generalized anxiety disorder • Panic disorder • Phobia • Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) Anxiety Disorders

  9. An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal • Free floating anxiety People can often not identify therefore and therefore cannot identify/avoid its cause • 2/3’s of those diagnosed are women • Symptoms usually do not last longer than 6 months • Prozacand Zoloft-common treatment options Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  10. Marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other sensations- 1/75 diagnosed • Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling and dizziness are all common • Some describe it as if they feel like they are dying • Agoraphobia-fear/avoidance of public situations Panic disorder

  11. What are the characteristics of an anxiety disorder?

  12. An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation • A person experiences episodes of intense dread, anxiety or panic attacks • Must be an irrational fear and you are aware of it • Specific phobia(fear of animals, heights, blood etc.) • Social anxiety disorder Phobias

  13. An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) • An obsession(thought) versus a compulsion(action) • Often individual recognizes the behavior is abnormal but does not have the ability to stop • Washing your hands is normal…..washing your hands until they are raw is not • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  14. An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience • “Shellshock” or “Battle fatigue”--American Sniper • Not just due to a war situation • The greater the emotional distress the higher the risks • Post-traumatic growth • Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  15. Fear conditioning • When events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably that is when anxiety often develops • Generalized anxiety Attacked by a dog, fear all dogs • Reinforced anxiety Helps to maintain our fears/phobias once they arrive • Observational learning • You see your mom afraid of snakes, you become afraid of snakes(could be biological as well) TheLearningPerspective

  16. Mood Disorders… Emotional responses compared to anxiety which is more rooted in fear.

  17. Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes • Major depressive disorder • Bipolar disorder • There are some mood disorders not classified in the DSM • Seasonal affective disorder • Postpartum Depression Mood Disorders

  18. A mood disorder where the subject rotates from hopeless/lethargic state of depression and the overexcited state of mania • The manic stage can last 3-6 months if untreated • The depressed stage can last 6-12 months if untreated • Mania (manic) • Over talkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep Bipolar Disorder

  19. How are mood disorders explained?

  20. Demonstrates at least5 signs of depression lasting over two weeks • Most commonly a response to past/current loss, and characterized by a loss of interest in family, friends etc. for an extended period • 29% of high school students “felt sad or hopeless” for 2 consecutive weeks • 17% of Americans will suffer from depression • Cannot be caused by drugs, alcohol • Dysthymia- suffer from mild-depression for at least two years Major Depressive Disorder

  21. Negative thoughts and emotions help to grow depressed feelings • Rumination compulsive overthinking of our problems(negative > positive thoughts) • Depression’s Vicious Cycle • Stressful experience Negative explanatory style Depressed mood Cognitive/behavioral changes • Differences between depressed and non-depressed is the ability to break the cycle Understanding Mood Disorders

  22. Each year nearly 1 million people will commit suicide in the US • Major causes • Major psychiatric illness/mood disorders(depression) • Substance abuse (primarily alcohol abuse) • Family history of suicide • Difficulties with social relationships • Significant loss or emotional/physical pain • Women are more likely to attempt suicide, men are more likely to commit suicide Suicide and Self-Injury

  23. Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread and women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression Most depressive episodes self-terminate, with only 20% of depression cases being chronic With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people Understanding Mood Disorders

  24. What are the major characteristics of Schizophrenia? Go to my website AP Psych Resources Schizophrenia Track Schizophrenia

  25. A group of severe symptoms includinghearing voices, having false beliefs, disorganized thoughts/behavior, being emotionally flat, and having hallucinations • Not multiple personalities, but a break from reality • Psychosisa disorder marked by irrationality and lost of contact with reality is a common symptom David Berkowitz Schizophrenia Mark David Chapman John Hinckley

  26. Delusions • False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Those with paranoid tendencies are especially prone to delusions • Struggle to put thoughts in order • Hallucinations • Seeing, feeling, hearing things that are not there Symptoms of Schizophrenia

  27. Strikes 1 in 100, usually young adults • Positive versus negative symptoms • Positive symptoms are the presence of inappropriate behaviors, negative symptoms are the absence of appropriate behaviors • Chronic (process) schizophrenia • Cause: Progressive organic brain changes • Acute (reactive) schizophrenia • Cause: Response to a stressful event, treatment drug therapy Onset and Development

  28. Paranoid Schizophrenia • Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!! • Disorganized Schizophrenia • Disorganized speech, behavior, or inappropriate emotion • Clang associations  “Auto, tomorrow, swallow, Zoro, borrow” • Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat affect • Waxy Flexibility decreased response to stimuli and a tendency to remain in an immobile posture Types of Schizophrenia

  29. What makes a disorder real? Other Disorders

  30. Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without physical cause • Conversion Disorder • A mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other neurologic symptoms that cannot be explained physically • Illness Anxiety Disorder-Hypochondriasis • Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause • Often believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses Somatoform Disorder

  31. Disorders in which a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory/change in identity due to a stressful life event • Fugue state Aperson looses memory of their identity • Dissociative fugue  when an individual lacks the ability to remember key personal information/events and leaves to go on a “journey” Dissociative Disorders

  32. A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • Skeptics are critical of DID • 1930-1960: 2 cases per decade • Since 1980: Over 20,000 reported/confirmed cases • Patients are often “fantasy prone” Dissociative Identity Disorder

  33. Anorexia nervosa 90% adolescent females • An eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve(usually around 85% below a normal body weight) • Bulimia nervosa • Characterized by overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, fasting or excessive exercise(usually around 5-10 % above a normal body weight) • Binge-eating disorder • Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt • Lacks the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise Body Dysmorphic Disorders

  34. Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Personality Disorders

  35. Individuals with this disorder are often labeled a sociopath or psychopath • Symptoms: Lack of empathy, shame or regard for others • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves • Often charming and highly intelligent • Genes interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity Antisocial Personality Disorder

  36. Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance • Thinking that you are the center of the universe • Histrionic Personality Disorder • Needs to be the center of attention • Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively Other Personality Disorders

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