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Language & Mind LING 240

Language & Mind LING 240. Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. Development of Speech Sounds. What newborn babies know Important changes around 6-10 months old Learning sounds & learning words (16-20 months) Phonological ‘awareness’ and literacy (~5 years+). Sound Production.

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Language & Mind LING 240

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  1. Language & MindLING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds

  2. Development of Speech Sounds • What newborn babies know • Important changes around 6-10 months old • Learning sounds & learning words (16-20 months) • Phonological ‘awareness’ and literacy (~5 years+)

  3. Sound Production

  4. How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue Glottis (vocal folds) Lips, teeth etc.

  5. How you look to a phonetician Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

  6. † ∂ s° z° c° j° ˜ ÷

  7. We want to understand... • What mechanisms are used to produce speech sounds - what must children master? • What are some differences between the sounds of English and other languages?

  8. A Puzzle... • Korean speakers use the sounds [r] and [l]e.g. Korea Seoul • Korean babies hear the difference between [ra] and [la] … they don’t know Korean yet • Korean adults know Korean … but they have difficulty hearing the [ra] vs. [la] contrast

  9. Another Puzzle… • Learning to spell…‘sky’ --> SGIEunlikely‘cup’ --> GUP

  10. Forget Spelling! Sounds ≠ Spelling

  11. One Sound - Many Characters he e seas ea believe ie amoeba oe Caesar ae key ey see ee machine i people eo seize ei IPA: [i]

  12. One Sound - Many Characters too oo threw ew to o lieu ieu clue ue shoe oe through ough IPA: [u]

  13. One Character - Many Sounds dame e dad æ father a call ø village \, ˆ many ´

  14. One Sound - Multiple Letters shoot ß either ∂ character k deal i Thomas t physics f roughf

  15. One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Sounds mnemonic psychology resign ghost island whole debt cute [kjut]

  16. Differences across Languages • English: judge, juvenile, Jesus • Spanish: jugar, Jesus • German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus • French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon

  17. Major division: consonants vs vowels • Consonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract. • Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).

  18. Describing Speech Sounds • Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant • What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless • Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. • Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.

  19. Voiced & voiceless consonants • Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs: • b/p • v/f • d/t • z/s • ∂/†

  20. Where does the Air Flow?

  21. Your vocaltract again

  22. Block itat the velum Where does the air go?

  23. ˜ Block itat the velum Where does the air go?

  24. Tongue againstvelum again

  25. Now raise the velumto blockthe air....

  26. Now raise the velumto blockthe air....

  27. Quicklydrop yourtongue again ...

  28. Quicklydrop yourtongue again ...

  29. Where does the airgo this time?

  30. Where does the airgo this time?

  31. gk Where does the airgo this time?

  32. So so far we have: Nasal stops: [m] [n] [˜] Non-nasal (oral) stops: [b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k]

  33. Where can you stop the airstream?

  34. Where can you stop the airstream? (bi)labial [b] [p] [m]

  35. Where can you stop the airstream? labiodental [v] [f]

  36. Where can you stop the airstream? interdental [∂] [†]

  37. Where can you stop the airstream? alveolar [d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]

  38. Where can you stop the airstream? palatal [z°] [s°] [j°] [c°]

  39. Where can you stop the airstream? velar [g] [k] [˜]

  40. Where can you stop the airstream? uvular

  41. Where can you stop the airstream?

  42. Features • Ways of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stop • Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind • Atoms of Speech Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982

  43. Manner • Stops[p] [k] [t] [d] [k] [g]... • Fricatives[f] [v] [†] [∂] [s] [z] • Approximants/Glides[w] [j] • Liquids[r] [l]

  44. Voiced & voiceless consonants • Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs (voiced-left; voiceless-right): • b/p • v/f • d/t • z/s • ∂/† • etc.

  45. Fricatives & Affricates • Palatal sounds [z°] [s°] [j°] [c°] • Palatal Fricatives - [z°] [s°][note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’] • Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [j°] [c°], as in judge, church

  46. Describing Consonants • What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless • Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. • Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.

  47. Features • Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds • Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world • Different languages choose different feature combinations

  48. ? ? “Fuji” “Cuba” ?

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