English 10

1. English 10 Literary Analysis North Penn High School Lansdale, Pennsylvania Mr. Scott Swindells

2. alliteration allusion antithesis apostrophe assonance consonance details diction figures of speech flashback foreshadowing hyperbole imagery irony metaphor mood motivation narration onomatopoeia oxymoron paradox personification plot point of view Table of Contents prosody protagonist pun repetition rhyme sarcasm setting shift or turn simile sound devices structure style suspense symbol synecdoche syntax theme tone understatement websites header page plagiarism north penn Yahoo!

3. alliteration T T T “The twisting trout twinkled below.” alliteration is the practice of beginning several consecutive or neighboring words with the same sound. Example in Context Table

4. allusion is a reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place or thing: e.g., “He met his Waterloo.” no illusion If you think you see one, and you know it's no illusion, you may come to the conclusion that it's likely Click here for a good site on allusion an allusion Tired of trying to explain the creature to his students, Mr. Swindells assumes the necessary guise to enter its habitat and convinces it to pose for a photograph. Example in Context Table

5. antithesis is a direct juxtaposition of structurally parallel words, phrases, or clauses for the purpose of contrast: e.g., “sink or swim.” Sink or swim “…for richer or poorer…” Anthony’s nuptial antithesis Example in Context Table

6. apostrophe is a form of personification in which the absent or dead .’ are spoken to as if present and the inanimate, as if animate. Oh, period … Thou shouldst be living! Example in Context Periods go inside quotes Table of contents

7. & AssOnAncE CoNSoNaNCe the repetition of accented vowel sounds in a series of words the repetition of a consonant sound within a series of words to produce a harmonious effect S D S “And each low u k a rawing- own of blind ” D D S Y Y I “Cr b the hills de” Example in Context Table of contents

8. details The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose. Table of contents Example in Context

9. DICTION Diction is word choice intended to convey a certain effect. (purple prose) Example in Context Table of contents

10. Not meant to be taken literally, figurative language is used to produce images in a reader’s mind and to express ideas in fresh, vivid and imaginative ways. figures of speech click on me! Words or phrases that describe one thing in terms of something else. They always involve some sort of imaginative comparison between seemingly unlike things. The trees stood up to the woodcutter. Example in Context The most common examples of figurative language, or figures of speech, used both in poetry and prose, are simile, metaphor and personification. Table of contents

11. a scene that interrupts the action of a work flashback! to show a previous event Table of contents Example in Context

12. foreshadowing the use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest future action Some said that the order in which they walked was to foreshadow the order of their deaths… Table of contents Example in Context

13. hyperbole A deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration: "The shot heard 'round the world." Table of contents Example in Context

14. Imagery The words or phrases a writer uses to represent persons, objects, actions, feelings, and ideas descriptively appealing to the senses. Example in Context Table Photo by Sarah Swindells, 2001

15. Irony Example in Context Verbal irony: when a person says one thing, but means the exact opposite: e.g., “It is easy to stop smoking. I’ve done it many times.” Situational irony: when a situation turns out differently from what one would expect — though often the twist is oddly appropriate: e.g., a deep sea diver drowning in a bathtub. Dramatic irony: when a character or speaker says or does something that has different meanings from what he or she thinks it has, though the audience and other characters understand the full implications of the speech or action: e.g., Romeo kills himself believing Juliet has died, while the audience knows Juliet is still alive. “Isn’t it ironic, don’t you think?” Table of contents

16. Metaphor A COMPARISON OF TWO UNLIKE THINGS NOT USING “LIKE” OR “AS.” Table of contents Example in Context Example 2 in Context Table of contents “TIME IS MONEY.”

17. Mood The atmosphere or predominant emotion in a literary work. Table of contents Obvious Example Less Obvious Example

18. Motivation A circumstance or set of circumstances that prompts a character to act in a certain way or that determines the outcome of a situation or work. Table of contents Example in Context What motivates Willie Loman in "Death of a Salesman?"

19. narration The telling of a story in writing or speaking Example in Context Table of contents

20. Onomatopoeia (imitative harmony) The use of words that mimic the sounds they describe: e.g., “hiss,” “buzz,” and “bang.” Bop! Zonk! Pow! When onomatopoeia is used on an extended scale in a poem, it is called imitative harmony. Example in Context Table of contents

21. OXYMORON A form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression. cold fire sweet sorrow Water Ice!!! Example in Context jumbo shrimp Table of contents

22. PARADOX Ah, yes … everything is going according to my plans… Paradox occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other. Although the statement may appear illogical, impossible, or absurd, it turns out to have a coherent meaning that reveals a hidden truth: e.g., “Much madness is divinest sense.” Table of contents Example in Context

23. Personification a kind of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics e.g., "The wind cried in the dark." Example in Context Table of contents

24. PLOT THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OR ACTIONS IN A SHORT STORY, NOVEL, PLAY, OR NARRATIVE POEM. "I'm thirsty!" Example in Context Table of contents

25. Point of view The perspective from which a story is told. Example in Context Table of contents

26. PROSODY The study of sound and rhythm. prose prose prose prose prose prose Example in Context Table of contents

27. Example in Context protagonist Fortunately, not only could our PROTAGONIST fly … he was also A PRO diver! Can our protagonist save the day!?!? HELP ME !!! Table of contents

28. PUN What is a pun? The following information is from the Pun FAQtory. In Italian, 'puntiglio' means "a fine point," hence a verbal quibble, and is most likely the source of the English "punctilious.“ A pun is defined by Webster as "the humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words."Why do people groan when a pun is told? A pun is often considered obvious humor, since the person relating it is merely balancing the humor in it on a twist of a word's meaning or sound. Children love this type of obvious humor and can laugh at it without reproachments. Adults, on the other hand, are more likely to have a twinge of envy, and "why didn't I think of that?". It is this envy in adults that subconciously causes them to groan upon hearing a pun. As time goes on, it can only be hoped that we adults will eventually learn to react more like a child and less like a groan-up!There are different types of puns. Homographic puns make use of multiple meanings from a single spelling (e.g., "pen" for writing instrument or animal enclosure). These are also referred to as "antanaclasis". Homophonic puns use like sounds but with different spellings and meanings. This is also referred to as polyptoton. Examples of homophones are scent and sent, jeans and genes, waive and wave, and buy and bye.Slide 2 PUN = FUN Example in Context Table of contents

29. Repetition The deliberate use of any element of language more than once. This can be repetition in sound, word, phrase, sentence, grammatical pattern, or rhythmical pattern. Table of contents Example in Context

30. Rhyme — The correspondance of terminal sounds. Types of Rhyme: true rhyme or perfect rhyme — late-fate; hollow-follow Masculine rhyme: a single stressed syllable — still-hill Feminine rhyme (also double rhyme): a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable — ending-bending eye rhyme: appears the same, but does not sound the same — prove-love; come- doom imperfect rhyme, partial rhyme, near rhyme, slant rhyme — loads-lids-lads, groaned-crooned Table of contents Example in Context

31. Sarcasm The use of verbal irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it: e.g., “As I fell down the stairs headfirst, I heard her say, “Look at that coordination!” Table of contents Example in Context

32. Setting is date The time and place in which events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem take place. Table of contents Example in Context

33. Shift or Turn A change or movement in a piece resulting from... an epiphany, realization, or insight Example in Context Table of contents gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader.

34. Similie A comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of the words “like” or “as.” A definitely stated comparison where the poet says one thing is like another. For example… "The warrior fought like a lion." Table of contents Example in Context

35. Sound Devices Stylistic techniques that convey meaning through sound. Some examples of sound device are… Rhyme: Two words having the same sound. Assonance: Repetition of similar vowel sounds. Consonance: Repetition of similar consonant sounds. Alliteration: Example in Context Words beginning with the same consonant sound. Onomatopoeia: Table of contents Words that sound like their meaning.

36. Structure The framework or organization of a literary selection. The structure of fiction is usually determined by plot and by chapter division; the structure of drama depends upon its division into acts and scenes; the structure of an essay depends upon the organization of ideas; the structure of poetry is determined by its rhyme scheme and stanzaic form. Table of contents Example in Context

37. Style Style is the writer's characteristic manner of employing language. It was quite obvious… …they had no style. Example in Context Table of contents

38. Example in Context SUSPENSE Don’t press this button! Suspense is the quality of a short story, novel, play, narrative poem or movie that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events. Table of contents

39. Symbol Any object, person, place, or action that has both a meaning in itself and that stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, attitude, belief, or value: e.g., the land turtle in Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath suggests or reflects the toughness and resilience of the migrant workers. Table of contents Example in Context

40. Synecdoche is a form of metaphor where part of something is used to signify the whole: e.g., “All hands on deck.” Synecdoche (metonymy) The reverse, whereby the whole can represent a part, is also synecdoche: e.g., “Canada played the United States in the Olympic hockey finals” Another form of synecdoche is when the container represents the thing being contained: e.g., “The pot is boiling.” Table of contents Example in Context In one last form of synecdoche, the material from which an object is made stands for the object itself: e.g., “The quarterback tossed the pigskin.” In metonymy, the name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated: e.g., “I love Shakespeare.”

41. Syntax The arrangement of words and the order of gramatical elements in a sentence Table of contents Example in Context

42. Theme The central message of a literary work. It is not the same as subject, which can be expressed in a word or two: courage, survival, war, pride, etc. The theme is the idea the author wishes to convey about that subject. It is expressed as a sentence or general statement about life or human nature. Example in Context A literary work can have more than one theme, and most themes are not directly stated, but are implied. The reader must think about all the elements of the work and use them to make inferences, or reasonable guesses, as to which themes seem to be implied. Table of contents

43. TONE Tone is the writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject, character, or audience, and it is conveyed through the author’s choice of words and detail. “Eat my shorts, man!” Tone can be serious, humorous, sarcastic, indignant, objective, etc. Table of contents Example in Context

44. Understatement The opposite of hyperbole. A kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is: e.g., “I could probably manage to survive on a salary of two million dollars per year.” (meiosis, litotes) Example in Context Table of contents

45. Useful Websites for Literary Analysis Literary Analysis of Poetry Literary Analysis Guide Dictionary.com Writing Literary Analysis Critical Theory Terms Glossary of Poetry Terms Terry Eagleton site Table of contents Purdue Owl Writing Site